496 



ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICl'LTURE 



side, showing practically no water core, 

 is on the side away from the sun. The 

 cracked carpel with its hairy growths is 

 shown at w. It is best seen in the lon- 

 gitudinal section, which also shows very 

 plainly the connection of the vascular 

 strands marked v with the stem. This 

 fruit was taken from a terminal on the 

 southwest side of a vigorous ten-year-old 

 Newtown tree, and did not outwardly 

 show water core. 



Under proper storage conditions, water- 

 cored fruit, unless badly affected, will en- 

 tirely recover. This will be the case 

 where no liquid fills the seed cavities and 

 if the fruit is placed in a cool, even-tem- 

 peratured place (not cold storage). The 

 fact that water-cored fruit will become 

 normal, the water soaked spots entirely 

 disappearing under proper storage con- 

 ditions, demonstrates the non-parasitic 

 nature of the trouble. As soon as it is 

 found that apples are becoming water- 

 cored, they should be immediately picked 

 and placed in proper storage. If allowed 

 to remain on the trees until liquid fills 

 the seed cavities, ultimate recovery is 

 almost impossible. Besides, various or- 

 ganisms gain access to the fruit and com- 

 plete its destruction. 



*In an experiment, 1,000 boxes of New- 

 town apples showing fully 90 per cent 

 water core were stored for about three 

 weeks. The percentage of water core was 

 carefully determined before putting the 

 fruit into storage. As far as possible 

 all fruits very badly water-cored and 

 evidently having the seed cavities filled 

 with liquid were not put into storage. At 

 the end of three weeks the fruit was 

 again examined and showed scarcely 1 

 per cent water core. The only cases not 

 fully recovering were those in which the 

 seed cavities had become filled with liquid, 

 and in which fermentative processes had 

 been set up. 



Medfoed. Oregon. 



•During the fall and wintpr <if ini2-l.'? the 

 RIchey-Gilbert Co. stored 10.000 boxpR of water- 

 cored apples, grown in the Yakima Valley. 

 They were removed late In the storasre season 

 with a loss of only 0.3 per cent. Mr. Gilbert 

 states : "I think it can be announced with 

 some certainty that water core does not mean 

 ruin to the apples." — Ed. 



Important References Bearing on 

 Water Core 



1. Handbuch Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1:142. 



1886, Sorauer. 



2. Handbuch Pflanzenkrankheiten. 3rd. 



Edition, 1909, Sorauer. 



3. Zeitschr. Pflanzenkrankheiten, 5:8, 



1895, Aderhold. 



4. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:600. 1896, 



Prillieux. 



5. Bulletin No. 39:61. 1892, Purdue Uni- 



versity. Agri. Exp. Sta. 



6. Report Canada Exp. Farms for 1896: 



172. 



7. Bull. No. 214:374. 1910, Ohio Agri. 



Exp. Sta. 



8. Bulletin No. 235, 1903, N. Y. Agri- 



Exp. Station. 



9. Bulletin No. 61, 1893, Cornell Univ. 



Exp. Station. 



10. Bulletin No. 94, 1905. Bureau of 



Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agri. 



11. Technical Bulletin 1, 1909. Transvaal 



Dept. Agri. 



12. Country Gentleman 68: 1084, 1903. 



13. Phytopathology-, Vol. 1, No. 4: 126, 



1911, Norton. 



14. Bulletin No. 9. 1912. Office of the 



Pathologist for Rogue River Valley. 

 Medford, Oregon. 

 Winter Desicc.\tiox. See Rosette. 



Winter Injury 

 Also Called Snn Scald 



There are a number of evidences of in- 

 jury which involve the trunks of apple 

 trees of all sizes; they are many times 

 due to freezing injury; while this name 

 winter injury appears at the beginning 

 of the paragraph, and while the name 

 sun scald has been applied for a long 

 time to similar conditions, the injuries 

 are directly due to freezing, sometimes 

 occurring in winter and sometimes due 

 to premature low temperatures when the 

 trees are gorged with water (sap) and 

 there is stimulus to excessive water ab- 

 sorption and no tendency to hasten rip- 

 ening of tissues through water loss and 

 reduced water content such as occur in 

 dry autumn periods. It is evident that 

 where we have such excessive water sup- 

 ply in the inner bark and in the process 

 of freezing, a layer of ice crystals is 



