APPLE PESTS 



505 



appearance. Other sucking insects pro- 

 duce the same sort of injury. 



Spray with "black leaf 40" diluted one 

 to 800, just before the fruit buds burst. 

 A later spraying, if necessary, may be 

 made at the time of the calyx spray for 

 the codling moth when the tobacco mix- 

 ture may be added to the arsenate of 

 lead. 



Apple Seed Chalcis 

 Syntomaspis druparuvi 



Minute black dots in more or less dis- 

 tinct depressions of malformed or knotty 

 apples may be due to the work of the 

 apple seed chalcis. A brownish line of 

 hardened corky tissue may extend from 

 the spot to the core, if this insect is re- 

 sponsible for the mark. Some of the suck- 

 ing insects make very similar external 

 marks upon the fruit. This insect in- 

 fests the seed in the larval stage, the 

 initial puncture having been made when 

 the fruit was so small that the ovipostor 

 of the female could reach through the 

 pulp to the young seed. Some injury is 

 done to the texture of the pulp and the 

 seed will be of no use for planting. Wild 

 crabapples and seedlings seem most liable 

 to attack. Destruction of all fallen fruit 

 in the fall and of wild crabapple trees and 

 seedling trees will control the insect 

 whenever it becomes sufficiently impor- 

 tant to justify such measures. 



H. A. GOSSARD, 

 Wooster. Ohio. 



Apple Tingis 



Corythuca sp. 



H. P. WlL.SON- 



An insect which feeds on the under side 

 of the leaves of apple and is often mis- 

 taken for plant lice is the above insect. 

 It is of a shiny black color when viewed 

 from below, the wings lie horizontally 

 on the body, and the markings upon them 

 are such that they appear to be made of 

 lace. The winter is passed in the adult 

 stage and hibernation takes place in rub- 

 bish on the ground. With the appearance 

 of warm weather and the spreading of 

 the leaves in the spring they leave their 

 hibernating quarters and proceed to the 

 under side of the leaves where the females 



deposit their eggs. One of these eggs is 

 a very interesting and peculiar object, 

 being somewhat the shape of a truncated 

 cone attached by the base to the ridge of 

 the leaf, dull black in color and some- 

 what shriveled. When the eggs are ready 

 to hatch the smaller end opens and the 

 young insect comes forth and feeds on 

 the leaf. These young feed, grow, cast 

 their skins several times and after a time 

 reach the adult stage as described above. 

 Two, three, or more generations are thus 

 produced quite rapidly. Some years they 

 become so abundant as to do considerable 

 harm and hundreds may be found on a 

 single leaf. A very characteristic effect 

 of their work is the burnt appearance of 

 the leaves caused by the punctures made 

 by the insects and the withdrawal of sap 

 from them. 



Remedies 



This is one of the hardest insects to 

 control, due to its seeming great resist- 

 ance to insecticides which can be applied 

 without burning the leaves. Tobacco 

 compounds, such as black leaf, etc., prob- 

 ably give the best results, and should be 

 applied about the time the young are 

 leaving the eggs. By observation only 

 can one tell the proper time. Continual 

 clean cultivation is by far the best 

 remedy. 



Apple Twig Borer 

 Amphicerus hicaudatus, Say 



This twig borer is an insect of small 

 importance compared to many orchard 

 pests, but is often present In apple or- 

 chards. It is a cylindrical beetle about 

 one-third of an inch in length, of a chest- 

 nut brown color above, and black beneath. 

 In early spring they bore into the small 

 branches of apple, pear and cherry, enter- 

 ing just above a bud and working down- 

 ward in the pith, evidently for both food 

 and shelter. Such twigs soon wither and 

 their leaves turn brown. 



The beetles do not remain long in these 

 burrows, but leave in search of grape- 

 vines or green brier, where their eggs 

 are laid and their j-oung reared, in the 

 dead or dying shoots. 



Exemption from injury by the twig 



