APPLE PESTS 



513 



the frosts of early winter, sometimes 

 working as late as the end of October. 

 The number of eggs deposited by a single 

 female exceeds 100, and possibly 200. The 

 eggs remain unchanged, or dormant, in 

 the twigs until the following spring. 

 hatching in May or early in June. * • * 



Fig. 1. The Buffalo Tree Hopper: Female — 

 enlarged. (After Marlatt.) 



The eggs of the buffalo tree hopper are 

 subject to the attaclvs of at least two 

 minute egg parasites, which often do 

 much to keep the insect in check. 



In general characteristics the larvae 

 and nymphs resemble the adults, but are 

 wingless and covered along the center 

 dorsally with numerous forked or barbed 

 projections. 



Food Plants 



All kinds of succulent plants such as 

 weeds and garden vegetables are fed 

 upon, but in this respect the insect is not 

 a serious pest. 



Remedies 



The destruction of the insects them- 

 selves is hardly practical. By limiting 

 the amount of unnecessary vegetation in 

 and about nurseries and orchards, a great 



deal can be done toward keeping down 

 the insect in the larval and pupal stages. 

 Pruning out and burning the infested 

 twigs will also materially decrease their 

 numbers. Clean cultivation will probably 

 do more than all other precautions. 



Canker Worm 



Notolopus sp. 

 H. F. Wilson 



In the early spring, after the apple 

 leaf buds have opened, we often find 

 numbers of little darkish colored measur- 

 ing worms, which feed on the leaves. 

 These are called canker worms and are 

 apparently different from our Eastern 

 canker worms. The eggs of this insect 

 are deposited on the trunks and leaves 

 and hatch in the spring. When first 

 hatched the larvae are very small and 

 such feeding as they do is not apparent. 

 As they increase in size the entire leaf, 

 with the exception of the midrib and 

 larger veins, is devoured. About four 

 weeks after hatching the larvae are full 

 fed and then drop to the ground, enter 

 to a depth of a few inches and pupate. 

 They remain here until late fall or early 

 spring, when they change to the adult 

 insect. The eggs are deposited in masses 

 by wingless moths of sluggish appearance 

 that gradually crawl up a small twig, de- 

 positing the eggs as they move forward. 



The female moth is brownish in color 

 with a slight tinge of gray and measures 

 about three-fourths inch in length. The 

 male moth has not been observed. As 

 the female moth is unable to fly, this 

 species is distributed very slowly, and 

 since the larvae readily succumb to ar- 

 senical poisons, there is very little chance 

 for this pest to ever become very serious. 



The same remark would apply to the 

 fall canker worms. 



Casebearers 



Coleophora fletcTierella 

 C. malivoreUa 

 The cigar casebearer [Coleophora 

 -fletchereUa) and the pistol casebearer iC. 

 ■malivoreUa) , so named from the shape 

 of their cases, are insects which may do 

 a considerable amount of injury but 

 which may be controlled by spraying 



