APPLE PESTS 



531 



tory and habits of the two species have 

 doubtless been responsible for the almost 

 complete oversight in the United States 

 of this species as an important enemy of 

 the apple. 



Control 

 The common measures used against the 

 codling moth have served to keep this 

 species in check. 



Lime Tree Winter Moth 



Eranrus tiUaria 



The females are wingless and late in 

 October or early in November may be 

 seen ascending the trunks of trees. They 

 are spider-like creatures with yellowish 

 white bodies. 



Band with tree tanglefoot to prevent 

 their ascent. 



Jlediterranean Fruit Fly 



Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann 

 H. F. Wilson 

 In countries where this pest has gained 

 a foothold it is one of the greatest insect 

 enemies of fruit raising. At the present 

 time it is believed that Brazil is its na- 

 tive home. Adults have been reared from 

 apricots, peach, pear, plum, apple, fig, 

 oranges, lemons and a number of other 

 important fruits. 



Means of Distribution 



From evidence gathered in various 

 sources the pest is distributed in fruit. 

 An extract from bulletin 28 of the De- 

 partment of Agriculture, Cape of Good 

 Hope (South Africa), will show the dang- 

 er to fruit growing in the United States 

 should it gain a foothold. "It is no 

 doubt carried into distant localities in 

 Infested fruit. Visit almost any morn- 

 ing market in the Colony after apricots 

 and peaches are ripe and you can find 

 maggots and puparia in abundance. That 

 this fruit is purchased and shipped to 

 other places, or carried away in small 

 lots goes without saying. While visiting 

 one of our most important markets on a 

 Saturday morning during February, 1904, 

 I found loads of infested peaches. There 

 was absolutely no sale for the most of 

 them, and the growers in disgust dump- 

 ed them out on the ground. I said noth- 

 ing, for, in the first place. I had absolute- 



ly no right or authority in the matter, 

 and secondly, I wished to note the course 

 of events. They were being removed by 

 7 o'clock Monday morning, but the 

 ground for yards around was dotted white 

 with maggots trying to hide away for 

 transformation, and puparia could be 

 picked up by the hundred. Under such 

 a deplorable state of affairs it is quite 

 possible that some of the adults would 

 again find their way into wagons and be 

 carried away to distant farms." 



The adult fly is yellowish with black 

 and white markings. Both wings being 

 banded with yellow and with a series of 

 black lines toward the base. The abdo- 

 men is yellow and is crossed with two 

 white bands. 



The larvae or maggots resemble those 

 of any of our common flies, such as the 

 cabbage root maggot. 



The life history in general is about as 

 follows: The eggs are deposited in the 

 fruit by means of the sharp ovipositor 

 with which each female is furnished. As 

 soon as they hatch, the young larvae at 

 once begin to feed on the pulp of the fruit. 

 When fully developed, which usually re- 

 quires about three weeks, they leave the 

 fruit and enter the ground where they 

 change to puparia and later to adults. 

 The adults push up through the soil and 

 in a short time are ready for work. A 

 very efficient remedy has been found for 

 this insect in South Africa which pre- 

 vents the adults from depositing their 

 eggs. 



Mites. — Pee Red Spider, this section, 

 and Blister Mite, under Pear. 



OI)li(jiie-Banded Leaf Roller 



Cacoeeia rosana Harris 



H. F. WiLsox 



Appearing on various plants through- 

 out the United States we may expect to 

 find the larvae of this insect working on 

 the leaves of all our cultivated pome, bush 

 and small fruits. In extreme cases some 

 little damage may be done to apples and 

 pears. In these cases the skin of the fruit 

 is eaten and even holes are made in the 

 fruit which makes it unfit for sale 



The adults have a wing expanse of about 

 one inch. General color leather colored 



