532 



ENCYCLOPEDIA OP PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 



brown with one opaque dusky band, be- 

 ginning at the middle of the anterior 

 margin and extending to the inner angle 

 of the wing. 



The larvae are pale green to reddish 

 brown in color, with a dark brown head 

 and a few sparse hairs rising from the 

 head and body. The larvae of this in- 

 sect should not be mistaken for that of 

 the bud moth, which is a very abundant 

 insect in Oregon found working in the 

 buds. The larvae of this insect works 

 on the leaves. 



Remedies 



Should this insect become abundant at 

 any time it may easily be controlled by 

 an application of spray as used for the 

 codling moth. 



Oleander Scale. — See Ivy ScaJe, this 

 section. 



Oyster Shell Scale 

 Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn. 



H. F. Wilson 



Probably as widely distributed as the 

 San Jose scale, this insect is the cause of 

 much injury to fruit trees throughout the 

 United States. 



It is not supposed to be as serious a 

 pest as the San Jose scale, but is of con- 

 siderable economic importance. Entire 

 trees are seldom killed, but oftentimes 

 single branches will become so weakened 

 from their attack that they will not pro- 

 duce fruit and may die, and at times small 

 trees become so stunted as to never grow 

 into well balanced trees. Besides our fruit 

 trees this insect infests a large number 

 of shade trees, vines and bush fruits. The 

 adult scales measure about one-eighth inch 

 ii lenarth and are dark brown in color. 

 In early spring these may appear grayish 

 brown, due to bleaching by the winter 

 rains. When present in large numbers 

 the scales will overlap and assume vari- 

 ous curved shapes. Apparently with the 

 beginning of fall the entire abdomen of 

 the female develops into eggs and the 

 insect itself shrivels up and dies. If 

 during the winter one of these scales be 

 turned over, .50 to 100 small white oval 

 eggs will be exposed to view. 



These eggs hatch about the time the 

 blossoms of the apples are falling, and 



the young crawl from under the scales 

 and settle on the bark. The female molts 

 twice in her growth according to Quain- 

 tance and Marlatt, and in the adult con- 

 dition is entirely without legs or eyes, 

 and is but a jelly-like mass, capable only 

 of extracting sap from the tree and chang- 

 ing it into eggs. 



The adult male undergoes similar 

 changes under its scale but later assumes 



Fig. 



ESSIG 

 Shell Scale. 



legs, wings and antennae, and emerging 

 from under the scale flies about fertilizing 

 females. 



In its distribution from orchard to or- 

 chard, nursery stock probably plays the 

 most important part, although other in- 

 sects, birds, etc., may and do aid In the 

 distribution from tree to tree. 



Keniedies 



It has been stated that lime sulphur will 

 not destroy the egg of this pest but we 

 have observed that where this spray is 

 consistently used for the San Jose scale 

 that the oyster shell scale does not thrive 

 and no extra application is needed. No 

 doubt but that the eggs are very tenacious 

 of life and hard to kill, but we believe 

 that the insect can be held in check with 

 the above spray. 



Shade trees and low-growing plants, as 

 currant, gooseberry, etc., often become so 

 badly infested that it seems necessary to 

 apply a spray. In such cases kerosene 



