APPLE PESTS 



539 



feelers, and six legs. After emerging 

 from under the protecting scale of the 

 parent, each wanders over the surface of 

 bark, fruit or leaf until a suitable situa- 

 tion is found, when the legs and anten- 

 nae are folded beneath the body, the 

 bristle-like beak is slowly worked 

 through the outer bark into the living 

 tissues beneath, from which it draws its 

 sustenance. At any time during the 

 summer months hundreds of these little 

 pests may be seen, even with the unaided 

 eye, as they crawl about over the bark or 

 fruit of infested trees. With the first 

 molt, all appendages, the legs, antennae, 

 etc., except the beak, are lost. 



The female scales when mature have 

 a more or less circular scale formed of 

 a number of concentric rings, which cor- 

 respond to the various molts made during 

 growth. Under a strong lens these ap- 

 pear ash-gray in color with a black pro- 

 tuberance or raised spot in the middle. 



Remedies 



In this state lime-sulphur is generally 

 used in combating the San Jose scale. 

 The recommendations from this station 

 have been to spray the trees while dor- 

 mant either in the late fall or early 

 spring. 



"During the past four years we have 

 conclusively demonstrated that the lime- 

 sulphur spray, which has long been 

 known as the most satisfactory winter 

 spray for San Jose scale, has fungicidal 

 qualities nearly or quite equal to those 

 of Bordeaux. We have also conclusively 

 demonstrated that it may be used in com- 

 bination with arsenate of lead without 

 detracting from the value of either, and 

 that when so used it is at once an effici- 

 ent contact insecticide, food poison spray 

 and fungicide." (2) 



We have also demonstrated the fact 

 that Black Leaf or "Black Leaf-40" can 

 be combined with lime-sulphur, in con- 

 trol of plant lice without destroying the 

 insecticidal value of the lime sulphur. 

 The most suitable time to get plant lice 

 is in the spring, just as the buds are 

 turning green. At that time a very large 



<2) A. B. fordlev and H. S. .Tackson. rii 

 Bull. No. 13, Ore. Agr'l College, 1911. 



percentage of the eggs will have hatched 

 and the young lice will not be protected 

 by the leaves. The lime-sulphur is equal- 

 ly as effective in the control of the scale 

 when applied at that time and to a slight 

 degree may be effective against the newly 

 hatched lice. 



General Reconiraendatinns 



It is not necessary to make an applica- 

 tion of lime-sulphur for the San Jose 

 scale alone. If lime-sulphur is used at 

 any time for the control of apple scab 

 or anthracnose, the same application will 

 suffice for the control of the scale. 



In regions where neither of the above 

 diseases exist, spray with lime-sulphur, 

 winter strength, just as the buds are 

 opening, and if the plant lice (any spe- 

 cies) have been bad during past seasons, 

 add "Black Leaf-40" at the rate of 1 part 

 to 900 parts of the diluted lime-sulphur 

 spray. 



Scurfy Scale 

 Chionaspis furfura Fitch 



General Appearance 



The female scale is irregular and 

 broadly pear-shaped; from white to light 

 gray in color. The exuviae is yellowish 

 and from one-eighth to one-tenth of an 

 inch in length. The male scale is white, 

 very small, long, tricarinated and with 

 yellow exuviae at the pointed end. 



life History 



The winter is passed by the females 

 under the scales where the purple or wine- 

 colored eggs are laid and hatch in the 

 spring shortly after blooming time. The 

 young begin at once to cover their bodies 

 with a scale. 



This insect is sometimes confused with 

 the oyster shell scale, but is broader and 

 much lighter in color, having dark red 

 eggs, while those of the oyster shell scale 

 are yellowish-white. 



Food Plants 



This species attacks many plants, chief 

 of which are apple, pear, plum, cherry, 

 quince, Japanese quince, currant, moun- 

 tain ash, hawthorn, peach, poplar, goose- 

 berry, crabapple. chokecherry, black wal- 

 nut and elm. 



