542 



ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE 



with a cement-like substance wtiicli is im- 

 pervious to water and climatic conditions. 

 This gellatinous substance, besides acting 

 as a protection to the eggs, is said to 

 constitute the first food of the newly 

 hatched larvae. The embryonic larvae in 

 these eggs are nearly full fledged at the 

 beginning of winter and usually come 

 forth from the egg mass early in the 

 spring. All of the moths do not emerge 

 at the same time, so that we may find 

 them laying their eggs until late in the 

 fall. The eggs of the late appearing 

 moths do not hatch until a correspond- 

 ingly late period in the summer; there- 

 fore, we may find some caterpillars and 

 nests all through the summer. This 

 might seem to indicate that there is more 

 than one generation a season but such is 

 not the case. The adult moths are about 

 one inch long and are cream colored with 

 indistinct white bands on the wings. 



Nataral Enemies 



Like every other species of animal life 

 these insects have their natural enemies. 

 and large numbers are destroyed each 

 season. Few birds feed upon hairy cater- 

 pillars, but according to Professor Wash- 

 burn, the Brewers' Blackbird, very com- 

 mon in this country, is very fond of the 

 pupae, and may be observed tearing open 

 the cocoons and feeding on them. They 

 are also attacked by a fly, which lays 

 eggs on the larvae. From these hatch 

 minute worms which bore into the in- 

 sects and feed on the tissues, thus even- 

 tually killing the host. There is a fungus 

 disease prevalent in Oregon which is very 

 disastrous to the insects under the right 

 condition. This is induced by warm wet 

 weather when the larvae shrink up and 

 die. 



Artificial Methods of Control 



In fruit orchards, spraying with arse- 

 nate of lead, as used for the codling moth, 

 is usually sufficient. As the egg masses 

 remain over the winter on the twigs the 

 majority of the nests can be destroyed 

 at the time of winter pruning. If these 

 nests are not located in the winter and 

 the caterpillars form tents in the spring, 

 the tents can be burned out with a torch. 

 Shade trees may be protected by spraying 



with arsenate of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gal- 

 lons of water. 



TiNGis. — See Apple Tinyis, this section. 



Trumpet Leaf Miner of tlie Apple 



Tischeria malifoliella Clemens(?) 



H. F. Wilson 



This insect is of little economic im- 

 portance to fruit growers in the North- 

 west, but sometimes appears very numer- 

 ous on the leaves of apple and is often in- 

 quired about. 



Little mines are made in the leaves by 

 the larvae, which begin at the point of 

 egg deposition and gradually widen out 

 in the shape of a trumpet. Completed 

 mines vary much in shape and size, but 

 will average perhaps in the more typi- 

 cal examiiles one-half inch long by one- 

 fourth inch wide. 



The larva is whitish in color with a 

 brown head, and measures about one- 

 quarter inch in length at the time of pu- 

 pation. The adult was originally de- 

 scribed as follows: "The head and an- 

 tennae shining dark brown, lace ocher- 

 ous. Fore wings uniform shining dark 

 brown with a purplish tinge, slightly 

 dusted with pale ocherous citio of the 

 general hue. Hind wings dark gray; 

 cilia with a rufus tinge." 



When excessively abundant, as has 

 been the case in several localities during 

 the past two or three years, the injury 

 done by the larvae to the leaves will cause 

 many of them to fall prematurely, thus 

 interfering with the proper development 

 of the fruit and the health of the tree. 

 Its control, therefore, becomes a matter 

 of importance. This can. perhaps, best be 

 accomplished by plowing the orchard in 

 the spring, covering as much as possible 

 all the fallen leaves and trash, as in the 

 former the pupae pass the winter. This 

 having been done it is practically certain 

 that the moths will not be able to make 

 their escape from the soil. This should 

 be done not later than the blooming of 

 the trees. 



Tussock Moth. — See Western Tussock 

 Moth, this section. 



Twig Borer. — See Branch and Twig 

 Borer, this section. 



