DOMESTICATION OF RUMINATING MAMMALS 317 



tober, 1910. The history of the remaining five members of 

 the Rainey herd, consisting of four males and one female, 

 was as follows: one male died three years later (1913) of 

 pneumonia, a second male died in the same year, oedema of 

 the lungs and chronic catarrh being the cause of its death; 

 a third male and the female died in 1916, six years after their 

 arrival in New York, the deaths in both cases being due to 

 fatty degeneration of the heart and kidneys, and cedema 

 of the lungs. The remaining male died in February, 1918, 

 having lived in captivity for seven years and nine months. 

 The cause of its death was general malnutrition; there was 

 no actual organic disease. To this animal "all civilized food 

 finally became so distasteful that its appetite failed com- 

 pletely." Experience showed that, in captivity, neither the 

 hardy Rocky Mountain goat nor the musk-ox can endure 

 soaking rains in weather that is either cold or cool. "The 

 woolly under-coats of both these species when once satu- 

 rated with cold water remain so saturated for two or three 

 days, and inactive captive animals cannot withstand the 

 cold, wet blanket." 



Describing the habits of the musk-ox in captivity. Doctor 

 Hornaday states: ''In view of the impatient and dangerous 

 temper of the adult musk-ox, amounting in some cases to 

 positive savagery, it was at all times necessary to handle 

 the animals with the utmost care, and at night each one 

 required to have its own separate box-stall. The standard 

 food of our musk-oxen was red clover hay and crushed oats. 

 In summer they were given constantly a moderate supply 

 of freshly-cut green grass, but this supply was carefully 

 limited to avoid intestinal disorders and diarrhoea. They 

 were allowed all the water that they cared to drink, twice 

 per day. It was the expectation of the pubUc that our 

 musk-oxen would suffer during the warm weather of mid- 

 summer, but all those expectations were happily disap- 

 pointed. The location chosen for the herd proved to be 



