308 



APPENOrX, 



die-shaped or Tapering Root, as the Carrot, Parsnip, and 

 Red Clover. 4. An Abrupt Root, is naturally inclined to 

 the last mentioned form, but from some decay or interruption 

 in its descending point, it becomes abrupt, or as it were bit- 

 ten off. It is found in many of our native Violets. 5. A 

 Tuberous or Knobbed Root, is of many different kinds, as in 

 the Potatoe and the Artichoke. Several of the Pea kind 

 are furnished with them on a'smaller scale. 6. A Bulbous 

 Root, is either solid, as in the Crocus ; tunicate, composed 

 of concentric layers, as in the onion; or scali/, like that of 

 the Lily. 7. A Jointed or Granulated Root, as in the Wood 

 Sorrel and White Saxifrage. It is evident that fleshy roots, 

 whether of a tuberous or bulbous nature, must at all times 

 powerfully resist the drought. The common herdsgrass, or 

 Timothy, when growing in pastures that are uniformly moist, 

 has a fibrous root, but in dry situations, it acquires a bulbous 

 one. This is an evident provision of nature to guard the 

 plant against too sudden a privation of moisture from the 

 soil. 



The seven kinds of stems are as follows. \. Caulis, a ste7n 

 properly so called, which bears or elevates from the root, the 

 leaves or flowers. The trunks and branches of all trees and 

 shrubs come under this denomination, as well as of a greater 

 proportion of herbaceous plants. 2. Culmus, a straw or 

 culm, is the peculiar stem of grasses, rushes, and plants near- 

 ly allied to them. 3. Scapus, a stalk, springs from the root, 

 and bears the flowers and fruit, but not the leaves, as in the 

 Primrose and Cowslip. 4. Pedunculus, the Flotoer-stalk, 

 springs from the stem, and bears the flowers and fruit, but 

 not the leaves. 5. Petiolus, the Foot-stalk, or Leaf-stalk, 

 This term is applied exclusively to the stalk of a leaf 6. 

 Frons. A Frond. In this the stem, leaf, flowers, and fruit 

 are produced from the leaf itself as in the Fern tribe. 7. 

 Stipes, Stipe, is the stem of a frond, which in ferns is com- 

 monly scaly. 



Botanists enumerate above 100 distinctions of leaves, ac- 

 cording to their position and form. 



There are several kinds of appendages to a plant which 

 were not mentioned in any of the Lessons on Botany. 1. 

 Stipula, Stipule, a leafy appendage to the proper leaves or to 

 their footstalks. They are usually found in pairs at the base 

 of the petiole. In the common Pea they are round, and in 



