SECTION 14.] 



FRUIT. 



121 



case a simple carpel), is apparent by its bearing the remains of a style or 

 stigma, or a scar from which this has fallen. It may retain the style and 

 use it in various ways for dissemination (Fig. 378j. 



360. The fruit of Composita; (though not of a single carpel) 

 akene. In this case the pericarp is invested 

 by an adherent calyx-tube; the limb of ^^hicli 

 when it has any, is called the Pappus Ihi^ 

 name was first given to the down like that i I 

 thp Thistle, but is applied to all forms uiicli i 

 ■which tiie limb of the calyx of the " compound 

 flower" appears. In Lettuce, Dandelion (¥ig 



3S4), and the like, the achenium as it matures tapers upwards into a slender 



beak, like a stalk to the pappus. 



361. A Cremocarp (Fig. 385), a name given to the fruit of Umbelli 

 ferae, consists as it were oi a pair of akenes united com- 

 pletely in the blossom, but splitting apart when ripe 

 into the two closed carpels. Each of these is a Meri- 

 curp or llemicarp, names seldom used. 



362. A Utricle is the same as an akene, but with 

 a thin and bladdery loose pericarp; like that of the 

 Goosefoot or Pigweed (Fig. 386). When ripe it may 

 burst open irregularly to discharge the seed ; or it may 



J I' open by a circular line all round, the upper ])art fall- 

 ^ ing oft' like a lid; as in the Amaranth (Fig. 387). 

 385 363. A Caryopsis, or Grain, is like an akene with 



the seed adhering to the thin pericarp throughout, so 

 that fruit and seed are incorporated into one body ; as in wheat, Indian 

 corn, and other kinds of grain. 



36-i. A Nut is a dry and indehisccnt fruit, commonlv one-celled and one. 



Fig. .379. Akene of Mayweed (no pap]>ii.s). 380. That of Succory (its pappus a 

 shallow cup). 381. Of Sunflower (pappus of two deciduous scales). 382. Of 

 Sneezeweed (Heleniuni), with its pappus of five scales. 383. Of Sow-Thistle, with 

 its pappus of delicate downy hairs. 384. Of the Dandelion, its pappus raised on 

 a long beak. 



Fig. 385. Fniit (cremocarp) of Osmorrhiza; the two akene-like ripe carpels sep- 

 arating at maturity from a slender axis or carpophorse. 



Fig. 386. Utricle of the common Pigweed (Chenoiiodium allnim). 



FiQ. 387. Utricle (py,xis) of Amaranth, opening all round (circumscissile). 



