SECTION 18.] SYSTEM. 183 



plants are of higher grade than cryptogaiiious, and augiospermous or or- 

 dinary phanerogamous higher tliau the gyinnospermous, yet there is no 

 culmination in the vegetable kingdom, nor any highest or lowest order of 

 phanerogamous plants. 



554. The particular system most largely used at present in the classi- 

 fication of the orders is essentially the following : — 



Series I. PHAKEROGAMIA : Phanerogamous or Flowering Plants. 



Class I. DICOTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERMEiE, called for shortness 



in Enghsli, Dicotyledons or Dicotyls. Ovules in a closed ovary. 



Embryo dicotyledonous. Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves 



reticulate-veined, 



Artificial Division I. Polypetal^, with petals mostly present and 



distinct. Orders about SO in number, Ranunculacece to Cornacea. 

 Artificial Division II. Gamopetal.e, with gamopetalous corolla. 



Orders about 45, Caprifoliacea to Flantaginacece. 

 Artificial Division III. Apetal.^ or Incomplete, with perianth, 

 when present, of calyx only. Orders about 35 in number, from 

 Nyctayinacem to Salicacece. 

 Class II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERME^, in English Gym- 

 nosperms. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no 

 proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polycotyledouous. 

 Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 

 Consists of order Gnfitacece, which strictly connects with Augiospermous 

 Dicotyls, of Conifer fP., and of Cj/cadacefe. 

 Class III. MONOCOTYLEDONES, in English Monocotyledons or 

 MoNOCOTYLS. Augiospermous. Embryo monocotyledonous. Stem with 

 endogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-vciued. 



Division I. Petaloide.-e. Perianth complete, having the equivalent 

 of both calyx and corolla, and all the inner series coroUine. About 

 18 orders. 

 Division II. Calycine. Periauth complete (in two series) but not 

 coroUine, mostly thickish or glumaceous. Chiefly two orders, 

 Juncace(e, the true Rushes, and Pal ma. Palms. 

 Division III. Spadiciflor.e or Nudiflor^. Perianth none, or rudi- 

 mentary and incomplete : inflorescence spadiceous. Of five orders, 

 Typliacea and Aroidea the principal. 

 Division IV. Glumace.e. Perianth none, or very rudimentary : 

 glumaceous bracts to the flowers. Orders mainly Cj/perace<e and 

 Graminece. 

 Series II. CRYPTOGAMIA : Cryptogamous or Ploweuless Plants 

 Class I. PTERIDOPHYTA, Pteridophytes (f84). 

 Class II. BRYOPIIYTA, Bryopiiytes (498). 

 Class III TMALLOPIIYTA, Tiiallopuytes (503) 



