CUOWFOOT FAMHA'. 41 



11. CALTHA, MAUSH MAHKJOLD. (A Latin name for the com- 

 mon Marigold.") (Le.sson.s, Fig.s. '.V2i>, 8!»2.) ^ One common .spe- 

 cies N. 



C. paliistris, Linn. Maush Marigold, wrongly called Cowslip in the 



country. Stem 1^-2° high, bearing one or more rounded or somewhat 

 kiduey-sliapcd, entire or crenate leaves, and a few Howers with showy 

 yellow calyx, about l.l' across; followed by a cluster of many-seeded 

 ]>ods. Marshes in spring ; young plant boiled for '-greens." 



12. TROLLIUS. (iLOBEFLOWER. (German: tmll, a gh^be, or 

 something round?) Flower large, like that of Caltha, but the 5-many 

 sepals not spreading except in our wild species ; a row of small nectary- 

 like petals around the stamens, and the leaves deeply palmately cleft or 

 parted. 2/ Flowers spring. 



T. laxus, Salisb. Wild G. Sepals only o or (!, spreading wide open, 

 yellowish or dull greeni.sh-white ; petals very small, seeming like abor- 

 tive stamens. Swamps, N. H. to Del. and Mich. Also W. 



7". EuropoBus, Linn. Eiroi'.kan G. Sepals bright yellow (10-20), or 

 white, broad, and converging into a kind of globe, the flower appearing 

 as if semi-double ; petals equaling the stamens. Eu. 



T. Asi6ticus, Linn. Aslvtic (i. Like the last, but flower rather more 

 open, and deep orange, yellow, or white ; the petals longer than stamens. 

 Siberia. 



13. HELLEBORUS, IIELLEBOllE. (Old Greek name of unknown 

 meaning. ) 2/ Sei)als 5, persistent, enlai'ging, and becoming green after 

 flowering. European plants, with pretty, large flowers, in early spring. 



H. viridis, Linn. (ini;i;v IL, has stems near 1° high, bearing 1 or 2 

 leaves and 2 or ;3 pale yellowish-green flowers ; run wild in a few places E. 



H. niger, Linn. Black H., the flower called Christmas Rose (because 

 flowering in warmer parts of England in winter), has single large flowers 

 (2'-:3' across, white, turning pinkish, then green), on scapes shorter than 

 the shining evergreen leaves in earliest spring. Garden varieties are more 

 commonly cult, than the species. 



14. COPTIS. GOLDTHREAD. (Greek : <o c«<, from divided leaves.) 

 2/ Sei)als .^-7. deciduous. The only common species is 



C. trif6lia, Salisb. ■l'ni!i:i;-i.i;Avi:i. (i. A delicate little plant in bogs 

 and (lamp mid wncds X.. sending up early in spring single white flowers 

 I smaller tJian those of Wootl .Anemone) on slender scapes, followed by 

 slrndrr-sialked leaves of three wedge-shaped leaflets; these become 

 l)riglit-shiiiing in sunnner, and last overwinter. The long, slender, bright 

 yellow. underL;niund stems are used as a popular medicine. 



15. NIGELLA, FENNEL FLOWKIJ. (Name from the black seeds.) 

 ® Garden plants from Eu. and Orient; stems leafy; the 5 ovaries 

 united below into one 5-.styled jind. Seeds large, blackish, spicy. One 

 species has been used as a substitute for spice or pepper. 



N. Damascena, Linn. Com.mox F. or Ragoed Lady. Love-in-a- 

 Mi^^T. Flower bluish, rather large, surrounded and overtopped by a 

 linely divided, leafy involucre, like the other leaves; succeeded by a 

 smooth, inflated. ')-relled pod in which the lining of the cells separates 



from the outer part. 



