MADDER FxVMILY. 217 



9. CEPHALANTHUS, BUTTONBUSTI. (Cxreek : head and Jhnoer.) 

 Flowers suininor and autumn. (Lessons, Fig. 205 ) 



C. occidentalis, Linn. A tall shrub, common along the borders of 

 ponds and streams, with lance-oblong or ovate-pointed leaves on peti- 

 oles, either in pairs or o's, and with short stipules between them ; the 

 head of white flowers about 1' in diameter. 



10. GALIUM, BEDSTRAW, CLEAVERS or CLIVERS. (Greek: 

 viilk, which some species in Eu. were used to curdle.) There are 

 other species in our region, some introduced from Eu. (Lessons, 



'^" '^ * Fruit dry when ripe, small. 



H- Fruit smooth ; leaves with stronr/ midrib hut no side ribs or nerves, in 

 4's, 5's, or 6's; flowers white, loosely clustered at the end of spreading 

 branches. % 



G. asprellum, Michx. Low thickets ; ?P-r)° high ; the backwardly 

 prickly-roughened angles of the stem and edges and midrib of the lance- 

 oblong pointed leaves adhering to contiguous plants ; leaves in whorls of 

 6 on the stem and of 4 or 5 on the branchlets ; flowers numerous. 



G. trifidum, Linn. Swamps and low grounds ; (V-2" high ; roughish 

 or sometimes nearly smooth ; leaves varying from linear to oblong, 4-6 

 in the whorls ; flowers rather few, their parts often 8. 



■<- -1- Fruit smooth or slif/htly Jiristhj ; leaves •i-nei'ved ; flowers white in a 

 nnrroiv and lomj terminal panicle. % 



G. boreale, Linn. \°-2° high ; smooth, erect, with lance-linear leaves 

 in 4's. Rocky banks of streams N. 



1- -1- H- Fruit a little bur, being covered u-ith hooked prickles. 

 *+ Leaves mostly 6 or 8 in a ichorl, with midrib and no side nerves; 

 floioers rchitish or greenish ; stems reclining or prostrate, bristly-rough 

 backwards on the angles. 



G. Aparine. Linn. Cle.vveus or Goose Grass. Leaves in 8's, 

 lanceolate, rough-edged, l'-2' long ; peduncles axillary, 1-2-flowered ; 

 fruit large. Low grounds. ® 



G. trifl6ruin, Michx. Leaves mostly in O's, lance-oblong, bristle- 

 pointed ; peduncles terminating the branches, o-flowered. Sweet-scented 

 in drying. Woodlands, especially N. 11 



++ ++ Leaves all in fours, more or less li-nerved ; flowers not ichite ; stems 

 ascending, about 1° high, rather simple, not prickly-roughened. % 



G. pil6sum, Ait. Leaves oval, dotted, downy, 1' long ; flowers brown- 

 l)nrple (ir cream-colored, all pediceled, the peduncle 2-o-times forked. 

 Commniicst S , in dry thickets. Var. puncticul6sum is a smooth form S. 



G. circaezans, Michx. Wild Liqiorice, the root being sweetish ; 

 leaves oval or oblon',s olituse, ciliate ; peduncles once forked, their long 

 branches bearing .short -pediceled dull or brownish flowers along the sides, 

 the fruit rettexed. dimmoii. 



G. lanceolatum, 'i'orr. Like the preceding, but with lanceolate or 

 lance-ovate tapering heaves, 2' long. N. 



* « Fruit a black berry; the parts of the white flower only 4. Only in 

 Southern Stat''s, in dry, sandy soil. 11 



G. hispidulum, Michx. Stems spreading l°-2° long; leaves in 4's, 



I' or less in length, lance-ovate ; peduncle l—S-flowered ; berry roughi.sh. 



G. unifl6rum, .Michx. Smooth, slender, 1° high; leaves linear; 



flowers mostly solitary. 



