OAK FAMILY. 397 



vate or oblong-sinuate leaves narrowed at base ; and acorn and cup like 

 that of Q. Muliienbergii, but very much smaller ; producing little abor- 

 tive acorns in the axils of some of the scales of the cup. 



* * * LivK Oak, icith evergreen coriaceous leaves, not lobed. 



Q. virens, Ait. Livio Oak. Barrens or sands along the coast, from 

 Va., S. ; small or large tree, or a mere shrub, with very durable firm wood, 

 tlu' hraiichk-ts and lower face of the small oblong entire (or rarely spiny- 

 toothed) leaves hoary ; conspicuous peduncle bearing 1-3 small fruits, 

 with top-shaped cup and oblong acorn. 



§ 2. BiENNiAr.-FUUiTKD Oaks, tliG ttcoms not maturing until the autumn 

 of the second year, and therefore borne on old icood below the leaves of 

 the season, on short and thick peduncles or none; kernel always bitter; 

 tip or lobes of the leaves commonly bristle-pointed. 



* Black and Red Oaks, with long-petioled and simiate-lobed or pinnatijid 

 deciduous leaves. 



■*- 3Iature leaves smooth on both sides or nearly so, generally ovate, oblong, 

 or some of the larger obovate in outline, and varying from sinuately to 

 deeply pinnatifid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late 

 autumn; wood coarse-grained. 



++ Leaves with wedge-shaped base and short petiole, rather thick and cori- 

 aceous. 



Q. Catesbeei, Michx. Tuukey or Barrex.s Scrub Oak. Small tree 

 in pine barrens, N. Car., 8.; leaves deeply pinnatifid or 3-5-cleft, the 

 long and narrow or unequal lobes somewhat scythe-shaped and often 

 nearly entire ; cup very thick and of coarse scales, 1' or less broad, half 

 inclosing the ovoid nut. 



++ ++ Leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, slender-petiuled, thinner. 



Q. rdbra, Linn. Reu Oak. Common in rich and poor soil in N. 

 Stales; large open-topped tree, with dark gray smoothish bark, very 

 coarse reddish wood, and thinnish moderately pinnatifid leaves ; cup 

 saucer-shaped, sessile or on a short and abrupt narrow neck, of fine close 

 scales, very nmch shorter than the nearly oblong acorn, which is 1' or 

 less in lentil. 



Q. coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak. Dry or barely moist soil, Me. 

 to Minn., and tS.; large tree. with gray bark, the interior reddish, rather 

 firm leaves more or less glossy above and deeply pinnatifid ; cup.coarse- 

 scaly, top-shaped or hemispherical with a conical scaly base, covering 

 half or more of the roundish acorn (this l,'-'\' long). 



Var. tinct6ria, (Jray, Quercitron, Yellow-uakked, or Black Oak, 

 Bark of trunk darker-colored, thicker, rougher, internally orange (quer- 

 citron), and much more valuable to the tanner and dyer; cup less top- 

 shaped ; leaves less pinnatifid or some of them barely sinuate, thinner, 

 less glossy, and more like those of Q, rubra. Ranges with the species. 



Q. paMstris, l)u Roi. Swami- Si'axish or Pin Oak. Low grounds, 

 Mass. to ^linn., and S. ; midille-sizod tree, with less coar.se wood, deeply 

 pinnatilid smooth leaves with their divergent lobes separated by broad 

 and rounded sinuses ; cup fiat-saucer-shaped, with a .short scaly base or 

 stalk, of fine scales, very much shorter than the roundish acorn, which is 

 barely ^ ' in length. 



■t- -t- Leaves downy beneath even when mature ; cup saucer-shaped tcith 

 top-shaped base. 



Q. falc^ta, Michx. Spanish Oak. Dry soil, Long Island to Mo., and 

 S. ; large tree, with oblong leaves obtuse or rounded at base, 3-5-lobed 



