72 



B. Cultivation. 



1. Controlled propagation techniques: No 



experience; progagation by seed may be 

 possib 1 e . 



2. Ease of transplanting: No experience. 



3. Pertinent horticultural knowledge: Not 



rev i ewed . 



^ . Status and location of presently cultivated 

 material: No cultivated material known. 



11. Evidence of threats to survival. 



A. Present or threatened destruction, modification, 

 or curtailment of habitat or range. 



1. Past threats: As noted on p. 8, eight 

 previously known occurrences have apparently 

 been extirpated as a result of highway 

 maintenance activities; however, these were 

 locations for single or a few individuals in 

 many cases, and were probably mostly waifs. 

 Heavy use and maintenance of the Clearwater 

 Access site (Oil) probably caused the 

 extirpation of the few plants originally 

 present . 



2. Existing threats: This is difficult to 

 assess, owing to the ruderal response of 

 Gr i nde 1 i a howe 1 1 i i at the majority of its 

 locations. Logging and grazing activities 

 undoubtedly destroy some plants, or perhaps 

 populations, but the species is known to 

 thrive in disturbed habitats, and it is 

 likely that the species' abundance has 

 increased in certain sites as a result 

 (i.e., Mo 1 let Park (020)). 



A portion of the Holland Lake site (001) 

 will likely be impacted by a timber sale 

 which has been marked in the area. 



3. Potential threats: Although habitat 

 management for forestry and grazing is 

 likely to continue, and individual sites may 

 be altered or destroyed, Gr i nde 1 i a howe 1 1 i i 

 can exist in disturbed and early serai 

 areas. Over its range in Montana, the 

 species appears to be one which can tolerate 

 habitat disturbance. 



