422 Angiospeem.e. 



Leaves very small, opposite, in four ranks, scale-like and appressed or more spreading 

 on older twigs and subulate on vigorous sterile shoots. Floirer.s in early spring, minute, 

 monoecious, terminal, the two sexes on different branchlets ; staminate oblong with several 

 decussate stamens having ovate connectives decreasing in size from below upwards, and each 

 bearing usually two globose anther-cells : pistillate subglobose with decussate peltate scales 

 each bearing two to five erect ovules. Coins small, globose, erect, maturing the first season 

 but persisting on the branchlets after discharging their seed, with thick peltate scales having 

 central bosses or points and each bearing at its base one to five erect compressed laterally- 

 winged seeds ; cotyledons two. 



The name is from Greek roots meaning " a low Cypress." 



For species see pp. JJ-.'/.j. 



THE JUNIPEUS. Genus JUNIPER L. 



Evergreen trees and shrubs of tlie northern hemisphere having pungent aromatic juice, 

 generally fibrous bark and very durable light odorous wood. About thirty-five speciees are 

 known. In the New World they are distributed from the Arctic Circle to the highlands of 

 Mexico. Lower California and the West Indies in eleven arborescent species and one or two 

 shrubby. Two only of the arborescent and one of the shrubby species are found in north- 

 eastern I'nited States. 



Leaves of two sorts, viz.. opposite, scale-like, with gland-like disk and appressed in four 

 ranks, or subulate and free in whorls of three, sessile, sharp-pointed, without gland, convex 

 below, concave and stomatiferous above — both forms sometimes on the same plant. Floircrs 

 small, dioecious or sometimes monoecious, oblong, terminal or axillary, the staminate yellow, 

 with peltate scales each bearing 2-G globose anther-cells attached to its base; the pistillate 

 consisting of 2-6 opposite or ternate fleshy pointed scales each {tearing one or two erect ovules. 

 Fruit berry-like by a coalescence of the fleshy scales of the llower, blue-black or red with white 

 bloom, smooth or marked with points of the flower-scales, closed or open, containing usually 

 one to six bony wingless seeds and requiring one to three years to attain maturity ; coty- 

 ledons 2-t'). 



J iiiii/icrus is the classical Latin name of the Juniper. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES. 



a Leaves of 2 kinds, both scale-like and subulate ; flowers terminal ; buds naked 



Maturing its fruit in autumn of the first season J. Virginiana. 



Maturing its fruit in autumn of second season J. seopulorum. 



a' Leaves all subulate ; flowers axillary ; buds scaly J. cominunis. 



For species see pp. 44 4^ «"f? ^''<" foUoiritif/: 

 AVestern Red Cedar. J. seopulorum Sarg. A tree very similar to the eastern Red Cedar 

 but with somewhat larger fruit, containing usually 2 seeds and maturing at the close of the 

 second season. 



CLASS II. ANGIOSPERM^. 



In distinction from the class of plants known as the Gi/miwspermcB we now take up 

 Class II, the Angiospermee, which includes all other Flowering Plants. Its representatives 

 are thought to be of more recent origin than tho.se of the Gymnospermce and are characterized 

 by having flowers in which the ovules are borne in a closed cavity (the ovary) which becomes 

 the fruit at maturity. 



The Class is divided into two subclasses, viz.. Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. The 

 former are plants in which the embryo contains a single cotyledon or seed leaf, the leaves 

 are parallel-veined, the parts of the flower are in 3s and the stems consist of a mass of 

 soft, pith-like tissue (parenchyma) permeated with wire-like bundles of woody tissue (fibro- 

 vascular bundles). The Palms. Yuccas, etc.. are tree representatives of this subclass, all 

 being confined to warm climates. 



Subclass 2. DYCOTYLEDONS. 



Tiiese are plants in which the embryo contains two cotyledons, the leaves are netted- 

 veined. the parts of the flower are mostl.^' in 4s or 5s and the stems consist of bark, wood and 

 pith, increasing by annual layers of wood inside the baik. They comprise by far the greater 

 part of the flowering plants including all of the trees of northern temperate regions excepting 

 those of the class Gymnospcrmo'. The subclass is divided into Apctahr. Polypctuhr and 

 GamopetaUp, which we will take up in order. 



Division 1. APETALii:. 



Flowering plants in which the corolla and also the calyx sometimes is wanting. 



