PREFACE ix 



less knowledge but more careful study of the 

 pupil. Formerly the world asked, What do 

 these teachers know about arithmetic, grammar, 

 geography, etc. .-" but now the inquiry is also, 

 What do these teachers know about children ? 



In the same way, all that belongs to the sphere 

 of penology has undergone a radical transforma- 

 tion. The old theories were that the offender 

 was an object of vengeance, and that it was the 

 duty of government merely to protect itself and 

 punish law-breakers ; but the new teaching is 

 that no criminal ceases to be a man, and that 

 government is charged not only with the pro- 

 tection of its citizens but also with the salvation 

 of its offenders. This teaching is yet only dimly 

 realized, and is still vigorously denounced by 

 many v/ho have not fully grasped the teachings 

 of Christ ; but it is steadily making headway, and 

 it cannot be long before the redemptive duties 

 of government will be better appreciated. In 

 order that that duty may be properly discharged, 

 the criminal classes must be carefully studied in 

 themselves. What are these men in their essen- 

 tial nature .-• What tendencies are in them ? 

 Where did their tendencies come from .-• What 

 forces are at work upon them .-' No man is fit 

 to make laws for criminal classes that has not 



