SECTION 14.] 



FRUIT. 



121 



case a simple carpel), is apparent by its bearing the remains of a style or 

 stigma, or a scar from wlucli this lias fallen. It may retain the style and 

 use it in various ways for dissemination (Fig. 378). 



360. The fruit of Composita; (tliougli not of a single carpel) is also an 

 akeue. In tliis case the pericarp is invested 

 by an adherent calyx-tube ; the limb of which, 

 when it has any, is called the Pappus. Tliis 

 name was first given t(j the down like that of 

 the Thistle, but is applied to all forms under 

 which the limb of the calyx of the " compound 

 flower " appears. In Lettuce, Dandelion (Fig. 



1 



380 



384), and the like, the acheuium as it matures tapers upwards into a slender 



beak, like a stalk to the pappus. 



361. A Cremocarp (Fig. 385), a name given to the fruit of Umbclli- 

 ferai, consists as it were of a pair nf akeues imitcd com- 

 plciely ra the blossom, but splitiiiig apart when ripe ifT, 

 into the two closed carpels. Each (jf these is a 3Ien- 

 carp or Hemicarp, names seldom used. 



362. A Utricle is the same as an akene, but with 

 a thin and bladdery loose pericai-p ; like that of tlic 

 Goosefoot or Pigweed (Fig. 3S6). \Mien ripe il may 

 burst open irregularly to discharge the seed ; or it may 

 o|)en by a circular line all round, the ujiper part fall- 

 ing off like a lid ; as in the Amaranth (Fig. 387). 



363. A Caryopsis, or Grain, is like an akene with 

 the seed adhering to the thin pericarp throughout, so 



that fruit and seed are incorporated into one body ; as in wheat, Indian 

 corn, and other kinds of grain. 



364. A Nut is a dry and indehiscent fruit, commonly one-celled and one- 



FiG. 379, Akene of Mayweed (no pappiis). 380. That of Snccory (its pappus a 

 shallow cup). 381. Of Sunflower (jiappus of two deciduous scales). 382. Of 

 Sneezeweed (Heleniuin), with its pappus of five scales. 383. Of Sow-Tlusfle, with 

 its ])appus of delicate downy hairs. 38t. Of the Dandelion, its pappus raised on 

 a long beak. 



Fig. 385. Fruit (cremocar]i) of Osmorrhiza; the two akene-like ripe carpels sep- 

 aratiiic; at maturity from a slender axis or carpophorse. 



Fig. 386. Utricle of tlie common Pigweed (riienopodium alt)uni). 



Fig. 387. Utricle (pyxis) of Amaranth, opening all round (circuniscissile). 



