SECTION 18.] SYSTEM. 183 



plants are of higher grade than cryplogamous, and angios[)ermous or or- 

 dinary phanerogamous liiglier than llic gymuospermous, yet there is no 

 culmination in the vegetable luugdom, nor any highest or lowest order of 

 phanerogamous planls. 



554. Tiie particular system most largely used at present in the classi- 

 fication of the orders is essentially the following : — 



Series I. PHANEROGAMIA: Phanerogamous or Flowering Plants. 



Class I. DICOTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERME^, called for shortness 



in English, Dicotyledons or Dicotyls. Ovules in a closed ovary. 



Embryo dicotyledonous. Stem wilh exogenous plan of growth. Leaves 



reticulate-veined. 



Artificial Division I. Polypetal^, with petals mostly present and 



distinct. Orders about 80 in number, Ranunculacea to Comaceec. 

 Artificial Division II. Gamopetal.e, with gamopetalous corolla. 



Orders about 45, Caprifoliacece to Plantuginacece. 

 Artificial Division III. Apetal.e or Incomplet^e, with perianth, 

 when present, of calyx only. Orders about 35 in number, from 

 Nyctaginaceae to Salicacece. 

 Class II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERME^, in English Gym- 

 NOSPERMS. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no 

 proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous. 

 Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 

 Consists of order QnetacecB, which strictly connects with Angiospermous 

 Dicotyls, of Conifera, and of Cycadacece. 

 Class III. MONOCOTYLEDONES, in English Monocotyledons or 

 MoNOCOTYLS. Angiospermous. Embryo monocolyledonous. Stem with 

 endogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel- veined. 



Division I. Petaloide^. Perianth complete, having the equivalent 

 of both calyx and corolla, and all the inner series corolline. About 

 18 orders. 

 Division II. Calycin^. Perianth complete (in two series) but not 

 corolline, mostly thickish or glumaceous. Chiefly two orders, 

 Juncaceee, the true Rushes, and Palma, Palms. 

 Division III. SpADiciFLORiE or Nudiflor^. Perianth none, or rudi- 

 mentary and incomplete: inflorescence spadiceous. Of five orders, 

 Typhaceo' and Aroideo' the principal. 

 Division IF. Glumace^. Perianth none, or very rudimentary: 

 glumaceous bracts to the flowers. Orders mainly Cyperacea and 

 Graminece. 

 Series II. CRYPTOGAMIA: Cryptogamous or Elowerless Plants. 

 Class L PTERIDOPHYTA, Pteridopiiytes (484). 

 Class II. BRYOFHYTA, Bbyophytes (498). 

 Class III. THALLOPHYTA, Tuallopuytes (503). 



