12 PROGKESS : ITS LAW AND CAUSE. 



BHcf subdivisions of races, bears testimony to it. Even 

 were we to admit the hypothesis that Mankind originated 

 from several separate stocks, it would still remain true, 

 that as, from each of these stocks, there have sprung many 

 now widely diflerent tribes, which are proved by i^hilologi- 

 cal evidence to have had a common origin, the race as a 

 whole is far less homogeneous than it once was. Add to 

 which, that we have, in the Anglo-Americans, an example 

 of a new variety arising within these few generations ; 

 and that, if we may trust to the description of observers, 

 we are likely soon to have another such example in Aus- 

 tralia. 



On passing from Humanity under its individual form, to 

 Humanity as socially embodied, we find the general law still 

 more variously exemplified. The change from the homo- 

 geneous to the heterogeneous is displayed equally in the 

 progress of civilization as a whole, and in the progress of 

 every tribe or nation ; and is still going on with increasing 

 rapidity. As we see in existing barbarous tribes, society 

 in its first and lowest form is a homogeneous aggregation 

 of individuals, having like powers and like functions : the 

 only marked difference of function being that which accom- 

 panies difference of sex. Every man is warrior, hunter, 

 fisherman, tool-maker, builder ; every woman performs 

 the same drudgeries ; every family is self-sufficing, and save 

 for purposes of aggression and defence, might as well live 

 apart from the rest. Yery early, however, in the j^rocess 

 of social evolution, we find an incipient differentiation be- 

 tween the governing and the governed. Some kind of 

 chieftainship seems coeval with the first advance from the 

 state of separate wandering families to that of a nomadic 

 tribe. The authority of the strongest makes itself felt 

 %mong a body of savages as in a herd of animals, or a 

 posse of schoolboys. At first, however, it is indefinite, un- 

 certain ; is shared by others of scarcely inferior power ; 



