EABLT EVOLUTION OF GOVERNMENTS. 13 



and is unaccompanied by any difference in occupation or 

 style of living : the first ruler kills his own game, makes 

 his own weapons, builds his own hut, and economically con- 

 sidered, does not differ from others of his tribe. Gradual- 

 ly, as the tribe progresses, the contrast between the gov- 

 erning and the governed grows more decided. Supreme 

 power becomes hereditary' in one family ; the head of that 

 family, ceasing to provide for his own wants, is served by 

 others ; and he begins to assume the sole office of ruling. 



At the same time there has been arising a co-ordinate 

 species of government — that of Religion. As all ancient re- 

 cords and traditions prove, the earliest rulers are regarded as 

 divine personages. The maxims and commands they uttered 

 during their lives are held sacred after their deaths, and are 

 enforced by their divinely-descended successors ; who in 

 their turns are promoted to the pantheon of the race, there 

 to be worshipped and propitiated along with their j^rede- 

 cessors : the most ancient of whom is the supreme god, and 

 the rest subordinate gods. For a long time these connate 

 forms of government — civil and religious — continue closely 

 associated. For many generations the king continues to 

 be the chief priest, and the priesthood to be members of 

 the royal race. For many ages religious law continues to 

 contain more or less of civil regulation, and civil law to 

 possess more or less of religious sanction ; and even among 

 the most advanced nations these two controllincr ao-encies 

 are by no means completely differentiated from each other. 



Having a common root with these, and gradually diverg- 

 ing from them, we find yet another controlling agency— that of 

 Manners or ceremonial usages. All titles of honour are 

 originally the names of the god-king ; afterwards of God 

 and the king ; still later of persons of high rank ; and fin- 

 ally come, some of them, to be used between man and man. 

 All forms of complimentary address were at first the ex- 

 pressions of submission from prisoners to their conqueror, 



