14 PKOGRESS: ITS LAW AXD CAUSE. 



or from subjects to their ruler, either human or divine — 

 expressions that were afterwards used to propitiate subor- 

 dinate authorities, and slowly descended into ordinary inter- 

 course. All mode's of salutation were once obeisances made 

 before the monarch and used in worship of him after his 

 death. Presently others of the god-descended race were sim- 

 ilarly saluted ; and by degrees same of the salutations have 

 become the due of all.* Thus, no sooner does the origmally 

 liomogeneous social mass differentiate into the governed and 

 the governing parts, than this last exhibits an incipient dif- 

 ferentiation into religious and secular — Church and State ; 

 while at the same time there begins to be differentiated 

 from both, that less definite species of government which 

 rules our daily intercourse — a species of government which, 

 as we may see in heralds' colleges, in books of the peerage, 

 in masters of ceremonies, is not without a certain embodi- 

 ment of its own. Each of these is itself subject to succes- 

 sive differentiations. In the course of ages, there arises, as 

 among ourselves, a highly complex political organization of 

 monarch, ministers, lords and commons, with their subor- 

 dinate administrative departments, courts of justice, reve- 

 nue offices, &c., supplemented in the provinces by munici- 

 pal governments, county governments, parish or union gov- 

 ernments — all of them more or less elaborated. By its side 

 there grows up a highly complex religious organization, 

 with its various grades of officials, from archbishops down 

 to sextons, its colleges, convocations, ecclesiastical courts, 

 &c. ; to all which must be added the ever multiplying inde* 

 pendent sects, each with its general and local authorities. 

 And at the same time there is developed a highly complex 

 aggregation of customs, manners, and temporary fashions, 

 enforced by society at large, and serving to control those 



* For detailed proof of these assertions see essay on Manners ana 

 Ftuthion. 



