28 progress: its law and cause. 



mence before the first had ceased; thus produciug 

 fugue. 



With the simple airs then in use, a partially harmO' 

 nious fugue might not improbably thus result : and a very 

 partially harmonious fugue satisfied the ears of that age, 

 as we know from still preserved examples. The idea hav- 

 ing once been given, the composing of airs productive of 

 fugal harmony would naturally grow up ; as in some way 

 it did grow up out of this alternate choir-singing. And 

 from the fugue to concerted music of two, three, four, and 

 more parts, the transition was easy. Without pointing 

 out in detail the increasing complexity that resulted from 

 introducing notes of various lengths, from the multiplica- 

 tion of keys, from the use of accidentals, from varieties of 

 time, and so forth, it needs but to contrast music as it is, 

 with music as it was, to see how immense is the increase 

 of heterogeneity. We see this if, looking at music in its 

 ensemble^ we enumerate its many different genera and 

 species — if we consider the divisions into vocal, instrumen- 

 tal, and mixed ; and their subdivisions into music for difier- 

 ent voices and difierent instruments — if we observe the 

 many forms of sacred music, from the simple hymn, the 

 chant, the canon, motet, anthem, &c., up to the oratorio ; 

 and the still more numerous forms of secular music, from 

 the ballad up to the serenata, from the instrumental solo up 

 to the symphony. 



Again, the same truth is seen on comparing any one 

 sample of aboriginal music with a sample of modern music 

 — even an ordinary song for the piano ; which we find to 

 be relatively highly heterogeneous, not only in respect of 

 the varieties in the pitch and in the length of the notes, 

 the number of difi*erent notes sounding at the same instant 

 in company with the voice, and the variations of strength 

 with which they are sounded and sung, but in respect of 

 the changes of key, the changes of time, the changes of 



