52 progress: us law and cause. 



transactions are from time repeated, these specializationg 

 may become appreciable. And whether or not there en- 

 sue distinct difierentiations of other individuals into makers 

 of particular articles, it is clear that incipient differentiations 

 take place throughout the tribe : the one original cs-use 

 produces not only the first dual effect, but a number of 

 secondary dual effects, like in kind, but minor in degree. 

 This process, of which traces may be seen among groups 

 of schoolboys, cannot well produce any lasting effects in 

 an unsettled tribe ; but where there grows up a fixed and 

 multiplying community, these differentiations become per- 

 manent, and increase with each generation. A larger popu- 

 lation, involving a greater demand for every commodity, 

 intensifies the functional activity of each specialized person 

 or class ; and this renders the specialization more definite 

 where it already exists, and establishes it where it is nascent. 

 By increasing the pressure on the means of subsistence, 

 a larger population again augments these results ; seeing 

 that each person is forced more and more to confine him- 

 self to that which he can do best, and by which he can gain 

 most. This industrial progress, by aiding future produc- 

 tion, opens the way for a further growth of population, 

 which reacts as before : in all which the multiplication of 

 effects is manifest. Presently, under these same stimuli, 

 new occupations arise. Competing workers, ever aiming 

 to produce improved articles, occasionally discover better 

 processes or raw materials. In weapons and cutting tools, 

 the substitution of bronze for stone entails upon him who 

 first makes it a great increase of demand — so great an in- 

 crease that he presently finds all his time occupied in making 

 the bronze for the articles he sells, and is obliged to depute 

 the fashioning of these to others : and, eventually, the 

 making of bronze, thus gradually differentiated from a pre- 

 existing occupation, becomes an occupation by itself. 



But now mark the ramified chanojes which follow this 



