MULTIPLICATION OF INDUSTELiL EFFECTS. 53 



change. Bronze soon replaces stone, not only in the arti' 

 cles it was first used for, but in many others — in arras, tools, 

 and utensils of various kinds ; and so affects the manufac- 

 ture of these things. Further, it affects the processes 

 which these utensils subserve, and the resulting products — 

 modifies buildings, carvings, dress, personal decorations 

 STet again, it sets going sundry manufactures which were 

 before impossible, from lack of a material fit for the requi- 

 site tools. And all these changes react on the people — in- 

 crease their manipulative skill, their intelligence, their com- 

 fort, — refine their habits and tastes. Thus the evolution of 

 a homogeneous society into a heterogeneous one, is clearly 

 consequent on the general principle, that many effects are 

 produced by one cause. 



Our limits Avill not allow us to follow out this process in 

 its higher complications : else might we show how the lo- 

 calization of special industries in special parts of a king- 

 dom, as well as the minute subdivision of labour in the 

 making of each commodity, are similarly determined. Or, 

 turning to a somewhat different order of illustrations, we 

 might dwell on the multitudinous changes — material, intel- 

 lectual, moral, — caused by printing ; or the further exten 

 sive series of changes wrought by gunpowder. But leaving 

 the intermediate phases of social development, let us take 

 a few illustrations from its most recent and its passing pha- 

 ses. To trace the effects of steam-power, in its manifold 

 applications to mining, navigation, and manufactures of all 

 kinds, would carry us into unmiuageable detail. Let us 

 confine ourselves to the latest embodiment of steam-power 

 - — the locomotive engine. 



This, as the proximate cause of our railway system, has 

 changed the face of the country, the course of trade, and 

 the habits of the people. Consider, first, the complicated 

 setvS o'^ changes that precede the making of every railway— 

 the provisional arrangements, the meetings, the registra- 



