EMOTIONS EXPRESSED BY PITCH. 217 



tonishment or delight, begins several notes below the raid 

 die voice, and descends still lower. Anger expresses it 

 self in high tones, or else in " curses not loud but <fee/)." 

 Deep tones, too, are always used in uttering strong re- 

 proaches. Such an exclamation as " Beware ! " if made 

 dramatically — that is, if made with a show of feeling — 

 must be many notes lower than ordinary. Further, we 

 Lave groans of disapprobation, groans of horror, groans 

 of remorse. And extreme joy and fear are alike accompa- 

 nied by shrill outcries. 



Nearly allied to the subject of pitch, is that of inter- 

 vals ^ and the explanation of them carries our argument a 

 step further. While calm speech is comparatively monot- 

 onous, emotion makes use of fifths, octaves, and even wider 

 intervals. Listen to any one narrating or repeating some- 

 thing in which he has no interest, and his voice will not 

 wander more than two or three notes above or below his 

 medium note, and that by small steps ; but when he comes 

 to some exciting event he will be heard not only to use the 

 higher and lower notes of his register, but to go from one to 

 the other by larger leaps. Being unable in print to imitate 

 these traits of feeling, we feel some difficulty in fully real- 

 izing them to the reader. But we may suggest a few re- 

 membrances which will perhaps call to mind a sufficiency 

 of others. If two men living in the same place, and fre- 

 quently seeing one another, meet, say at a public assembly, 

 any phrase with which one may be heard to accost the 

 other — as " Hallo, are you here ? " — will have an ordinary 

 intonation. But if one of them, after long absence, has 

 unexpectedly returned, the expression of surprise with 

 which his friend may greet him — " Hallo ! how came you 

 here ? " — will be uttered in much more strongly contrasted 

 tones. The two syllables of the word " Hallo " will be, 

 the one much higher and the other much lower than be- 

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