EMOTIONS EXPRESSED BY INTERVALS. 219 



founded fool the fellow is ! " will begin somewhat below hia 

 middle voice, and descending to the word " fool," which 

 he will utter in one of his deepest notes, will then ascend 

 again. And it may be remarked, that the word " fool " 

 will not only be deeper and louder than the rest, but will 

 also have more emphasis of articulation — another mode in 

 which muscular excitement is shown. 



There is some danger, however, in giving instances like 

 this ; seeing that as the mode of rendering will vary accor- 

 ding to the intensity of the feeling which the reader feigns 

 to himself, the right cadence may not be hit upon. With 

 single words there is less difficulty. Thus the " Indeed ! " 

 with which a surprising fact is received, mostly begins on 

 the middle note of the voice, and rises with the second syl- 

 lable ; or, if disapprobation as well as astonishment is felt, 

 the first syllable will be below the middle note, and the 

 second lower still. Conversely, the word " Alas 1 " which 

 marks not the rise of a paroxysm of grief, but its decline, 

 is uttered in a cadence descending towards the middle 

 note ; or, if the first syllable is in the lower part of the 

 register, the second ascends towards the middle note. In 

 the " Heigh-ho ! " expressive of mental and muscular pros- 

 tration, we may see the same truth ; and if the cadence ap- 

 propriate to it be inverted the absurdity of the effect clearly 

 shows how the meaning of intervals is dependent on the 

 principle we have been illustrating. 



The remaining characteristic of emotional speech which 

 we have to notice is that of variability of pitch. It is 

 scarcely possible here to convey adequate ideas of this 

 more complex manifestation. We must be content with 

 simply indicating some occasions on which it may be ob- 

 served. On a meeting of friends, for instance — as when 

 there arris^es a party of much -wish ed-for visitors — the voices 

 of all will be heard to undergo changes of pitch not only 

 greater but much more numerous than usual. If a speaker 



