29i BAIX ox THE EMOTIOXS A]STD THE WILL. 



conduct and creations brings to light the so-called moral sense in 

 man, whose foundations in the mental system have accordiDgly to 

 be examined. 



" Combining together these various indications, or sources 

 of discrimination, — outward objects, diffusive mode or expression, 

 inward consciousness, resulting conduct and institutions — I adopt 

 the following arrangement of the families or natural orders of 

 emotion." 



Here, then, are confessedly adopted, as bases of classi- 

 fication, the most manifest characters of the emotions ; as 

 discerned subjectively, and objectively. The mode of dif- 

 fusion of an emotion is one of its outside aspects ; the insti- 

 tutions it generates form another of its outside aspects ; 

 and though the peculiarities of the emotion as a state of 

 consciousness, seem to express its intrinsic and ultimate 

 nature, yet such peculiarities as are perceptible by simple 

 introspection, must also be classed as superficial peculiari- 

 ties. It is a familiar fact that various intellectual states of 

 consciousness turn out, when analyzed, to have natures 

 widely unlike those which at first appear ; and we believe 

 the like will prove true of emotional states of conscious- 

 ness. Just as our concept of space, which is apt to be 

 thought a simple, undecomposable concept, is yet resolva- 

 ble into experiences quite diflferent from that state of con- 

 sciousness which we call space ; so, probably, the sentiment 

 of afiection or reverence is compounded of elements that 

 are severally distinct from the whole which they make up. 

 And much as a classification of our ideas which dealt with 

 the idea of space as though it were ultimate, would be a 

 classification of ideas by their externals ; so, a classification 

 of our emotions, which, regarding them as simj^le, describes 

 their aspects in ordinary consciousness, is a classification of 

 emotions by their externals. 



Thus, then, Mr. Bain's grou^Ding is throughout deter- 

 mined by the most manifest attributes — those objectively 



