HOW THE EMOTIONS ARE TO BE ANALYZED. 297 



entiatioii from the primitive mucous membrane ; so must 

 a scientific account of the nervous system, include its gen- 

 eral arrangements, its minute structure, and its mode of 

 evolution ; and so must a scientific account of nervous ac- 

 tions, include the answering three elements. Alike in class- 

 ing separate organisms, and in classing the parts of the same 

 organism, the complete natural-history-method involves 

 ultimate analysis, aided by development ; and Mr. Bain, in 

 not basing his classification of the emotions on characters 

 reached through these aids, has fallen short of the concep- 

 tion with which he set out. 



" But," it will perhaps be asked, *' how are the emotions 

 to be analyzed, and their modes of evolution to be ascer- 

 tained ? Different animals, and different organs of the 

 same animal, may readily be compared in their internal and 

 microscopic structures, as also in their developments ; but 

 functions, and especially such functions as the emotions, do 

 not admit of like comparisons." 



It must be admitted that the application of these meth- 

 ods is here by no means so easy. Though we can note dif- 

 ferences and similarities between the internal formations of 

 two animals ; it is difficult to contrast the mental states of 

 two animals. Though the true morphological relations of 

 organs may be made out by the observations of embryos ; 

 yet, where such organs are inactive before birth, we cannot 

 completely trace the history of their actions. Obviously, 

 too, the pursuance of inquiries of the kind indicated, raises 

 questions which science is not yet prepared to answer ; as, 

 for instance — Whether all nervous functions, in common 

 with all other functions, arise by gradual differentiations, 

 as their organs do ? Whether the emotions are, therefore, 

 to be regarded as divergent modes of action, that have be- 

 come unlike by successive modifications ? Whether, as 

 two organs which originally budded out of the same mem« 

 brane, have not only become different as they developed, 



