EVOLUTION OF THE EMOTIONS. 299 



isting emotion, or a compounding of several pre-existing 

 emotions; we should be greatly aided by knowing what 

 always are the pre-existing emotions. When, for example, 

 we find tliat very few if any of the lower animals show any 

 love of accumulation, and that this feeling is absent in in- 

 fancy — when we see that an infant in arms exhibits anger, 

 fear, wonder, while yet it manifests no desire of permanent 

 possession, and that a brute which has no acquisitive emotion 

 can nevertheless feel attachment, jealousy, love of approba- 

 tion ; we may suspect that the feeling which property satis- 

 fies, is compounded out of simpler and deeper feelings. 

 We may conclude that as, when a dog hides a bone, there 

 must exist in him a prospective gratification of hunger ; so 

 there must similarly at first, in ail cases whei-e anything is 

 secured or taken possession of, exist an ideal excitement of 

 the feeling wliich that thing will gratify. We may further 

 conclude that when the intelligence is such that a variety 

 of objects come to be utihzed for different purposes — when, 

 as among savages, divers wants are satisfied through the ar- 

 ticles appropriated for weapons, shelter, clothing, ornament ; 

 the act of appropriating comes to be one constantly involv- 

 ing agreeable associations, and one which is therefore pleas- 

 urable, irrespective of the end subserved. And when, as 

 in civilized lifii, the property acquired is of a kind not con- 

 ducing to one order of gratifications, but is capable of ad 

 ministering to all gratifications, the pleasure of acquiring 

 property grows more distinct from each of the various 

 pleasures subserved — is more completely diflferentiated into 

 a separate emotion. 



This illustration, roughly as it is sketched, will show 

 what we mean by the use of comparative psychology in 

 aid of classification. Ascertaining by induction the actual 

 order of evolution of the emotions, we are led to susj^ect 

 this to be their order of successive dependence ; and are so 

 led to recognize their order of ascending complexity; and 

 by consequence their true groupings. 



