THEORIES OF PLATO A^D HOBBES. 877 



respondence between tlie parts of a society and the faculties 

 of the human mind. Classifying these faculties under the 

 heads of Reason, Will, and Passion, he classifies the mem- 

 bers of his ideal society under what he regards as three 

 analogous heads : — councillors, who are to exercise govern- 

 ment; military or executive, who are to fulfil their behests; 

 and the commonalty, bent on gain and selfish gratification. 

 In other words, the ruler, the warrior, and the craftsman, 

 are, according to him, the analogues of our reflective, voli- 

 tional, and emotional powers. Xow even were there truth 

 in the imj^lied assumption of a parallelism between the 

 structure of a society and that of a man, this classification 

 would he indefensible. It might more truly be contended 

 that, as the military power obeys the commands of the 

 Government, it is the Government which answers to the 

 Will ; while the military power is simply an agency set in 

 motion by it. Or, again, it might be contended that, 

 whereas the Will is a product of predominant desires, to 

 which the Reason serves merely as an eye, it is the crafts- 

 men, who, according to the alleged analogy, ought to be 

 the moving power of the warriors. 



Hobbes sought to establish a still more definite parallel- 

 ism : not, however between a society and the human mind, 

 but between a society and the human body. In the intro- 

 duction to the work in which he developes this conception, 

 he says — 



" For by art is created that great Leviatha^t called a Com- 

 monwealth, or State, in Latin Civitas, which is but an artificial 

 man ; though of greater stature and strength than the natural, 

 for whose protection and defence it was intended, and in which 

 the sovereignty is an artificial soul, as giving life and motion to 

 the whole body ; the magistrates and other officers of judica- 

 ture and execution, artificial joints ; reward and piinisJiment, by 

 which, fastened to the seat of the sovereignty, every joint and 

 member is moved to perform his duty, are the nerves, that do 



