ITS PRIMAEY DIFFERENTIATIONS. 393 



Well, in the evolution of a society, we see a primary 

 differentiation of analogous kind ; which similarly imderliea 

 the whole future structure. As already pointed out, the 

 only manifest contrast of parts in primitive societies, is that 

 between the governing and the governed. In the least or- 

 ganized tribes, the council of chiefs may be a body of men 

 distinguished simply by greater courage or experience. In 

 more organized tribes, the chief-class is definitely separated 

 from the lower class, and often regarded as difierent in na- 

 ture — sometimes as god-descended. And later, we find 

 these two becoming respectively freemen and slaves, or 

 nobles and serfs. A glance at their respective functions, 

 makes it obvious that the great divisions thus early formed, 

 stand to each other in a relation similar to that in which 

 the primaiy divisions of the embryo stand to each other. 

 For, from its first appearance, the class of chiefs is that by 

 which the external acts of the society are controlled : alike 

 in war, in negotiation, and in migration. Afterwards, 

 while the upper class grows distinct from the lower, and at 

 the same time becomes more and more exclusively regula- 

 tive and defensive in its functions, aUke in the persons of 

 kings and subordinate rulers, priests, and mihtary leaders ; 

 the inferior class becomes more and more exclusively occu- 

 pied in providing the necessaries of life for the community 

 at large. From the soil, with which it comes in most di- 

 rect contact, the mass of the people takes up and prepares 

 for use, the food and such rude articles of manufacture as 

 are known ; while the overlying mass of superior men, 

 maintained by the working population, deals with circum- 

 stances external to the community — circumstances with 

 which, by position, it is more immediately concerned. 

 Ceasing by-and-by to have any knowledge of, or power 

 over, the concerns of the society as a whole, the serf-class 

 becomes devoted to the processes of alimentation; while 

 the noble class, ceasing to take any part in the processes of 



