ANA-LOGOUS DISTRIBUTION OF MECHANISMS. 395 



ting apparatus of a living body ; not only in its functions, 

 but in its intermediate origin and subsequent position, and 

 in the time of its appearance. 



Without enumerating the minor differentiations which 

 these three great classes afterwards undergo, we will 

 merely note that throughout, they follow the same general 

 law with the differentiations of an individual organism. In 

 a society, as in a rudimentary animal, we have seen that the 

 most general and broadly contrasted divisions are the first 

 to make their appearance ; and of the subdivisions it con- 

 tinues true in both cases, that they arise in the order of de- 

 creasing generality. 



Let us observe next, that in the one case as in the oth- 

 er, the specializations are at first very incomplete ; and be- 

 come more complete as organization progresses. We saw 

 that in primitive tribes, as in the simplest animals, there 

 remains much community of function between the parts 

 that are nominally different — that, for instance, the class of 

 chiefs long remain industrially the same as the inferior 

 class ; just as in a Hydra^ the property of contractility is 

 possessed by the units of the endoderm as well as by those 

 of the ectoderm. We noted also how, as the society ad- 

 vanced, the two great primitive classes partook less and 

 less of each other's functions. And we have here to re- 

 mark, that all subsequent specializations are at first vague, 

 and gradually become distinct. '' In the infancy of socie- 

 ty," says M. Guizot, " everything is confused and uncer- 

 tain ; there is as yet no fixed and precise line of demarca- 

 tion between the different powers in a state." *' Origi- 

 nally kings lived like other landowners, on the incomes de- 

 rived from their own private estates." Nobles ^\iere petty 

 kings ; and kings only the most powerful nobles. Bishops 

 were feudal lords and military leaders. The right of coin- 

 ing money was possessed by powerful subjects, and by the 

 Church, as well as by the king. Every leading man exer- 



