2 36 APPENDIX 



taught to obey him. He was continually taken out by 

 his master with collar and liam and encouraged to follow 

 the scent of hinds and of stags and other beasts, and 

 punished should he venture to acknowledge the scent of 

 any animal he was not being entered to, or should he 

 open on finding or following the line. 



In England as well as on the Continent the huntsman 

 went out in the early morning to track the game to be 

 hunted to its lair, or den, before the pack and huntsmen 

 came into the field. Deer, wild boar, bear and wolves 

 were thus harboured by means of a limer. Twici makes 

 the apprentice huntsman ask : " Now I wish to know 

 how many of the beasts are moved by the lymer, and how 

 many of the beasts are found by braches ? — Sir, all those 

 which are chased are moved by a lymer, and all those 

 which are hunted up {enquillez) are found by the braches " 

 (Twici, p. 12 ; see Appendix : Acquillez). 



Limers were not only employed when a warrantable 

 stag was to be hunted by hounds, but a huntsman going 

 out with his bow or cross-bow would have his brachet on 

 a liam and let him hunt up the quarry he wished to shoot 

 [see Appendix : Bercelet). Also, the day before one of 

 the large battues for big game, the limers would be taken 

 out to ascertain what game there was in the district to 

 be driven. 



A liam, lyo)ne^ or lyame^ was a rope made of silk or 

 leather by which hounds were led, from O. F. Uanien^ 

 a strap or line, Latin ligamen. This strap was fastened 

 to the collar by a swivel, and both collar and liams were 

 often very gorgeous. We read of " A lyame of white 

 silk with collar of white vellat embrawdered with perles, 

 the swivell of silver." " Dog collors of crymson vellat 

 with VI lyhams of white leather." " A Heme of grene 

 and white silke." " Three lyames and colors with tirrett 

 of silver and quilt" (Madden, "Expenses of Princess 

 Mary"). 



A hound was said to carry his liam well when he just 

 kept it at proper tension, not straining it, for that would 



