71 



adverse agricultural season. The value of exports of vegetable 

 oils which was 6:^ lakhs of rupees in 1855-56 increased in 

 1889-90 to 51^ lakhs of rupees, which is less than half the 

 value of exports of seeds. There are 16 lamp-oil manufactories 

 in 'the Godavari district turning out about 10 lakhs' worth of 

 oil, and there are a few mills in other districts doing a small 

 business. The large export of seeds, however, shows that there 

 is much scope for the establishment of additional oil-mills at 

 convenient centres, for, the substitution of exports of oils for 

 exports of seeds will cause a saving in the cost of carriage, 

 while providing employment to a large number of labourers in 

 this country and enabling the ryots to utilize the refuse of the 

 oil-mills as manure or as food for cattle. 



Sugar is both an article of export and import in this 

 Presidency. In 1855-56 about 500,000 cwts. were exported, 

 the value being nearly 32 lakhs of rupees. In 1889-90 the 

 exports were nearly three times as much, — 1,350,000 cwts. 

 valued at 86 lakhs of rupees. The imports by sea in 1889-90 

 were valued at 5 J lakhs of rupees. About 155,000 maunds or 

 110,000 cwts. were also received by land from Mysore where 

 sugar, both refined and unrefined, is extcDsively manufactured. 

 There are 6 large sugar factories for the manufacture of refined 

 sugar, and these give employment to about 2,000 persons. The 

 art of manufacturing crystallized and refined sugar was in the 

 beginning of the century a mystery known to very few. 

 Buchanan states that sugar-candy made at Chickabalapura in 

 Mysore " is equal to the Chinese and the clayed sugar is very 

 white and fine. The art of making it is kept a secret. The 

 price at which they sell it precludes an extensive sale. Chinese 

 sugar-candy is sold at Seringapatam cheaper than the local 

 produce is sold here." The Chinese sugar- candy was sold at 

 Bangalore at £5-1-1, or say Es. 50 per cwt,, while the present 

 price is not more than Es. 20 per cwt., ^>., the present price 

 of the article, allowing for the fall in the purchasing power of 

 money in India, is a little more than one-fourth of what it was 

 in the beginning of the century. The production of unrefined 

 sugar has greatly increased, especially in the Godavari district. 

 The rail-borne inland traffic in this article in this Presidency 

 amounted to IJ million maunds. Iron mills are rapidly super- 

 seding the old inefficient wooden mills in extracting the juice of 

 canes. There is great scope for the cultivation of cane and 

 manufacture of sugar in this Presidency in the lands commanded 

 by the great irrigation systems. Two years ago Messrs. Travers 

 and Sons of London pointed out that under proper arrangements 

 India ought to be able to produce all the refined sugar it wants, 

 instead of estporting both crude sugar and labour to Mauritius, 



