101 



Ceylon, the Maldives and tlie Coast from Karachi to Muscat, 

 these craft will eventually disappear from the foreign carrying 

 trade." This is not a result to be much regretted, as the 

 employment of these small craft of burden averaging 50 tons 

 eaeh is not compatible with the enormous growth of the foreign 

 trade of India, and as further it is the use of steam vessels for 

 carriage that has developed the trade with China in Indian 

 cotton manufactures. The small craft, however, will continue 

 to be used in the carriage of the cheapest and bulkiest articles 

 between the smaller ports which steamers do not enter. 



43. Against the disadvantage to the indigenous industries 

 above referred to, have to be set off the 

 facToryinrsfe"''' ^ow industries which foreign trade has 

 created. The new industries which have 

 sprung up in the Madras Presidency have already been noticed. 

 Taking India as a whole, three important new industries may 

 be mentioned, viz., jute, tea and coal. The export of jute in 

 1828 was 364 cwts. valued at 62 Ex. In 1850-51 the value 

 of the exports of raw jute amounted to 197,071 Rx and of 

 manufactured jute to 215,978 Rx. In 1890-91 the values 

 were 7*6 millions Rx and 2*5 millions Rx, respectively. Jute 

 cultivation is entirely carried on by the natives of the country, 

 without any extraneous help. Baboo Hem Chunder Kerr in 

 his report on the jute cultivation in Bengal writes : " It is 

 usual with some to descant on the apathy, ignorance and want 

 of enterprise of the people of this country, and of the ryots 

 in particular, but the figures here given prove beyond the 

 shadow of a cavil, that they are, notwithstanding their alleged 

 or real defects, sufficiently long-headed thoroughly to under- 

 stand their interest and capable of creating and extending in 

 five and forty years a trade to the value of nearly 4^ million 

 sterling (now 10 million Rx) without any aid from without. 

 That they are capable, likewise, of sustaining this trade and 

 extending it if required and made worth their while, no one 

 will, I feel certain, venture to question. As long as the trade 

 is profitable, they will do all that is needed, but strong common 

 sense and long-headedness will not accept theories for facts, 

 nor adopt new methods or systems, because they are new, or 

 because they are told to adopt them. The new methods and 

 systems must be proved to be real improvements calculated for 

 certain, to add to their profits, or they will have none of them." 

 Tea on the other hand, is an industry created entirely by 

 English enterprise and capital. The value of the exports 

 amounts now to 5j million Rx. Indian and Ceylon teas have 

 been rap'idly driving the China tea out of the English market 

 as will be seen from the following figures. In 1864 the imports 



