3^ 



of officials. At the same time, owing to wide differences in 

 religion, civilization and social usages between the rulers 

 and the ruled, all institutions having living connection with 

 matters which are intimately bound up with the daily life of 

 the people had to be rigidly excluded from official cognizance. 

 The Government could not, as it were, take the people by the 

 hand and by intimate association with them lead them on in 

 the path of progress. It had to stand aloof, contenting itself 

 with providing the material appliances of civilization and with 

 clearing away all obstructions to progress trusting to the 

 influence of education to work out such changes as the healthy 

 progress of the society might require. 



Fourthly, we saw that some of the evils which have been 

 felt under the new regime, " the tares," as they are called, 

 " which have grown up with the wheat, " are either not 

 new or are sacrifices without incurring which the benefits 

 could not be secured. For instance, take the case of the 

 growth of agricultural indebtedness. As a matter of fact, 

 the ryots were formerly much more in the hands of sow- 

 kars than now, though their indebtedness as expressed in 

 money value appears to be greater now than before. The 

 dependence of the ryots on sowkars is greatest in tracts of 

 country in which the seasons are very uncertain. Formerly 

 when lands had no value, the ryot's credit was limited to the 

 value of the year's crop, and if the crop failed for two or 

 three years and the sowkar stopped supplies, there was 

 nothing between the ryot and starvation. Now the increased 

 credit of the ryot enables him to obtain better terms and 

 hold out longer. The more prudent among the ryots have 

 now a chance of making use of their credit for their own 

 advantage, and even those who recklessly pledged it would be 

 in no worse condition than they would have been under the old 

 conditions. Again, the tendency of a regime favoring industrial 

 improvement is to prevent the military, official and sacer- 

 dotal classes from intercepting the earnings of the laboring 

 classes. The result is that the production of articles of luxury 

 or art which ministered to the gratification of persons who were 

 maintained in great opulence at the expense of the general com- 

 munity suffers and must necessarily do so until the industrial 

 classes themselves become sufficiently rich and acquire a taste 

 for such luxuries. Similar considerations apply to economic 

 redistribution of productive powers and resources. The intro- 

 duction of railways, for instance, by superseding less efficient 

 means of conveyance must cause suffering to the classes 

 who make a living by rendering services in connection with 

 the latter. We thus hear that the extension of the railways in 



