Vijayanagar, who speedily became independent and reduced to subjec- 

 tion almost the whole of the old Pandijan kingdom, their compatriots, 

 the Nayakkas of Tanj ore, holding sway over Gholadesa. The Eajahs 

 of Maisur, too, became independent, and established a kingdom, though 

 not a very powerful one. 



Over all this distracted country the Muhammadans gradually pressed 

 downwards, securing the dominion of the countries south of the Tunga- 

 badra, and eastwards to the sea, and encroaching southwards till they 

 had reached the southern confines of the Telugu country, by the middle 

 of the seventeenth century, and by the beginning of the eighteenth 

 were in power far south. The Mahrattas had established themselves in 

 Tanjore in 1674 and remained there till the English supremacy. In 

 1736 the Musalmdns obtained possession of Madura. 



The English, settled at Madras since 1639, now began to acquire 

 more and more territory and power, and in the course of the century 

 had conquered almost the whole of the south of India, the defeat of 

 the Maisur Musalmdns under Tipu Sultan in 1799 finally laying the 

 peninsula at their feet. 



(B.) — Orissa under Hindu and British Administrations. 



Practically, the revenue-paying parts of Orissa under the Gangetio 

 dynasty stretched from the Hugli to the Chilka, and from the sea to 

 the Tributary States ; a compact territorial entity of twenty-four 

 thousand square miles. The province continues the same size to this 

 day, having lost three thousand square miles on the north, towards the 

 Hugli, and gained about an equal extent on the west, towards Central 

 India. In the twelfth century, when the Gangetic Line obtained the 

 kingdom, it yielded a revenue of £406,250 ^'^^ a year. Besides the 

 doubtful southern strip, they added 12,000 square miles of unproduc- 

 tive hill territoiy ; and when in the sixteenth century they sank beneath 

 the Musalmdns, the revenue remained about £435,000. An early 

 Muhammadan Geographer of the sixteenth century gives the income 

 of the parts of Orissa already subjugated by the Musalman arms at 

 £368,333 ^^^ ; and the ofiicial survey made by Abkar's Minister, Circ^ 

 1580, gives the entire revenue of the province, including the tribute 

 from the Hill States, at £435,319 ^2^. As the Muhammadans more 

 firmly established their power, they gradually increased the taxation, 

 and in the seventeenth century a detailed list of the Orissa fiscal 



328_ 1,500,000 M&rhas of gold. See note 309, p. 316. That is to say at the clcse of 

 the Sivaite Dj'nasty. The area was only 11,000 square miles ; but of the territory since 

 added to it to make up the present province, about 12,000 square miles are Hill States 

 paying a tribute of only about £6,000 a year. The few hundred square miles added on 

 the north in Balasor are more productive, and the total revenue of the province may now 

 be put down at £4.50,000. 



3" Sicca Es. 3,400,000, or Company's Rs. 3,683,333, Eaft Iklim, a Persian MS., apitd 

 Professor Blochmann. 



''^^ 160,733,237 ddme, which, at the official rates of conversion under Akbar, equal 

 Sicca Es. 4,018,330, or Company's Rs. 4,353,191. Prinsep's Tables; Thomas' Pathdn 

 Kings; As. Res.'XV. 



