one-third of the produce of the taxable tfees. They mostly laboui* 

 with their own hands, there being few slaves. The hired servants, 

 who are chiefly Tiars, work only from half-past six in the morning 

 until noon, and get as daily wages 2^ edangallies of rough rice. All 

 the afternoon they labour for themselves. The edangally containing 

 108 cubical inches, a man by half-a-day's work, allowing one-seventh 

 of his time for holidays, can gain 39^ bushels of grain. Although 

 the cudians may therefore live in a very inferior condition to an 

 English farmer, it is impossible that they should live scantily ; 

 while a day laborer by working only half of the day can procure so 

 much grain. 



Gherikal, Malabar. — In Cherikal and Cotay-hutty there are slaves, 

 chiefly of the Poliar and Pariar castes j but the greater part of the 

 cultivation is carried on by panicar or hired men, who are Nairs, Mop- 

 lahs and Tiars. These panicars are at liberty to change their service 

 whenever they please, unless they be indebted to their master ; and 

 about one-half of them are in that state. They work from morning to 

 noon, when they are allowed an hour for breakfast. They then work 

 until evening, and all night they watch the crops. The master gives 

 the servant a hut, a piece of cloth twice a year, from 6 to 12 silver 

 fanams (27^ to 55 pence) annually for oil and salt, and a daily allow- 

 ance of rice, which is larger than that given to the slaves. When 

 the servant is in debt, stoppages from this allowance are made. The 

 panicars are frequently flogged ; and as their masters are not bound 

 to provide for them in old age, or during famine, they seem to be in a 

 worse condition than the slaves. Their wives and children, if they do 

 any work for their master, get wages. 



Mangalore, South Canara. — The cultivation is chiefly carried on by 

 culialu or hired servants; but there are also some muladalu, bought 

 men or slaves. A hired man gets daily 2 hanies of clean rice or 

 annually 21 1 bushels, together with 1^ rupee's worth of cloth, a 

 pagoda in cash, and a house. A hired woman gets 1^ rupees for 

 cloth, and three-fourths of the man's allowance of grain. In the plant- 

 ing season the woman hii-ed by the day gets 2 hanies of rice, or 128^ 

 cubical inches. These wages are very high, and may enable the hired 

 servants to keep a family in the greatest abundance. It is evident 

 from this that the stock required to cultivate eight morays of land was 

 excessively exaggerated by the proprietors. The wages in grain alone 

 would amount to 156| morays of rice for 8 morays sowing, so that to 

 pay even then would require at least 40 seeds. We may safely allow 

 6 morays for each plough fully wrought ; but the number of ploughs 

 in the whole district amounts to rather less than 1 to 3 morays of rice 

 ground in actual cultivation according to the revenue accounts, owing, 

 probably, to a want of cattle and other stock. At the end of the year, 

 the hired servant may change his service, if he be free from debt ; but 

 that is seldom the case. When he gets deeply involved, his master 

 may sell his sister's children to discharge the amount, and his ser- 

 vices may be transferred to any other man who chooses to take him 

 and pay his debts to his master. In fact, he differs little from a 

 slave, only his allowance is larger, but then the master is not obliged 

 to provide for him in sickness or in old age. 



