Ixvii 



of money and are required to work out the advance by contributing 

 manual labour. 



TeUicherry^ Malabar District.— ^The cudians, i.e., tenants, are now 

 worse off than in 1800. They get at the most only one-half of the 

 produce of paddy fields they lease out, and as for plantations, if the 

 trees have not been paid (kuyikanom) price by the jenmies, the tenants 

 get two-thirds of their produce ; in other cases they scarcely get one- 

 third, the rest being appropriated by their jenmies. All tenants, 

 whether of paddy flats or of parambas, have the same complaint to 

 make, that they gain little or no profit from tilling or holding lands 

 and parambas under the tonures now obtaining in Malabar. 



Tliese tenants are mostly workmen themselves ; and all able-bodied 

 men and women of their household work in and for the interest of the 

 farm. But if at all any extra labour is wanted, they hire other men and 

 women at the usual rates of wages. The tenants do not now possess 

 slaves, though it cannot be denied that in remote parts prsedial slaves 

 are covertly leased out with the farms. The hired servants are chiefly 

 Tiars, Nairs^ Moplahs and Polayars (who were slaves in 1800), Pola- 

 yars are hired as day-laborers. The working hours are now, as in 

 1800, almost the same, viz., 7 a.m. to 1 p.m., but the rates of wages 

 are now only 2 edangallies of paddy against 2| in 1800. All the 

 afternoon the tenants work for themselves. 



The edangally in North Malabar, familiarly known as MoLeod's 

 seer, contains — 



CUB. IN. 



In Cherakal 100'34 



In Kottayam ... ... ... ... 97*75 



In Kurumbranad ... ... ... ... 97*75 



The total earnings, at the present rates, of a day-labourer in Malabar 

 for a whole year may be taken at 626 dangallis of paddy, or Rs. 37^ 

 in money at the present market rates. This gives Rs. 3-2-0 -a month 

 for a labourer working half a day. 



Cherakal, Malabar District. — The following castes were once slaves 

 in this taluk : (1) Polayars, in the plains near the sea coast and (2) 

 Maviloms, (3) Karimbalans and (4) Vettuvars on the hills. There are 

 now no slaves in the sense that their women and children are not now 

 openly sold, mortgaged or leased with the lands to which they are 

 attached. But the master or jenmi takes particular care that they are 

 not taught to read and write. In remote parts they are even now 

 covertly sold, mortgaged and leased with the lands by word of mouth. 

 In such parts the old allowances are still paid to them, viz., a hut, two 

 pieces of cloth annually and the daily allowance of rice or paddy. 

 The annual money allowance for oil and salt is not now given. 



The panicurs or agricultural labourers are generally Nairs, Moplahs 

 and Tiars. Though the master does not now give the servant a hut to 

 live in, yet many have become kuyikanom tenants of the former. 

 They are not bound to render gratuitous service to their masters. For 

 all work done to the masters, they are paid the same wages as are given 

 to non-tenants, 



