OOXXUl 



seed, manure, &c., while all the manual labor was done by the cultiva- 

 tor, and he was paid at the harvest season about a twelfth of the produce 

 (0^i.TOfl ^^uiSL for a kottah), as it is called in this portion of the 

 country. This, together with a pittance of other ^su^jb^m-ld^ would 

 not give a family of three or four souls more than 8 kottahs a year of 

 paddy at the highest, which quantity is barely sufficient to maintain the 

 family. For this payment, the landlord exacted other work too from 

 him. He must do all the menial services for the landlord's well-being 

 utterly unconnected with cultivation. The landlord would usurp any- 

 thing found with his tenant which would be of any use to him. In 

 fact, the landlord would get everything for his living without paying 

 anything for the same — labor and materials fcr his well-being. 



Thus the condition of the cultivator was far worse than what it is 

 at present, while that of the landlord was undoubtedly far better. In 

 addition to this comparatively larger share in the income, the land- 

 lord's domestic economy was much greater. Luxuries were unknown. 

 Expenses of litigation far less. Diflferenees of civil rights settled in 

 the village panohayat without much cost. The less complicated laws 

 of the Revenue Department placed redress at a much less cost to the 

 landlord. Thus the landlord was a great saving party, while the culti- 

 vator was only a toiling macliine, without any saving of his own. 



The work of the present generation is the complete change of this 

 state of the relation between the landlord and the cultivator, and the 

 creation, or more appropriately the increase and strengthening, of a 

 middle class of people who are landlords and cultivators in one. The 

 original landlord has grown now lazier by his frequent visits to 

 towns and the importations to his very door of the luxuries of the 

 town, &c. ; his life has become more expensive. His uncalled for 

 luxuries, unnecessary litigation, the complicated and expensive laws, all 

 these expenses combined with the reduced income noted below have 

 brought down the condition of the landlord on the one hand, and on 

 the other hand, the daily increasing independence of the cultivator, his 

 boldness to refuse to give the landlord anything more than his actual 

 due, using his time and labor to more profitable things, his savings, &c., 

 have enabled him to buy cattle of his own to meet the expenses of culti- 

 vation from his own pocket without depending on the mercy of his 

 usurious landlord, who, saved of these services, is paid a much less share 

 of the produce. 



The said cultivators have gone on further. They began to ad- 

 vance sundry sums to their landlords, and have bought, in most cases, 

 small bits of land of their own, which they cultivate themselves, and 

 obtain all the produce without a sharer. Many working people of 

 other professions and castes have invested their savings in purchasing 

 lands, and they have taken to cultivation in addition to their original 

 profession. 



The second class of people, besides cultivating their own lands, take 

 a lease of the lands of the first class of ryots, and cultivate them and 

 obtain a share of the cattle they maintain, and of the cultivator if they 

 can. In many cases, these men sub-rent such lands to the third class 

 of people, and obtain a profit on both sides by this bargain. The second 

 class of people, being men of some substance, have greater credit with 

 the first class of people on the one hand, and being fellow workers on 



