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trade of this port has risen from 23 lakhs in 1830 to 282 lakhs 

 in 1889-90. In regar"d to taxation the incidence (including 

 land revenue) per head of the population has risen from Rs. 

 1-14-6 in 1852-53 to Rs. 2-10-8 in 1872-73 and Rs. 2-14-3 

 in 1889-90, i.e., by 51 per cent, since 1852;. but of the 

 increased revenue raised a large proportion has been laid out 

 on works of public utility, such as communications, edu- 

 cation, irrigation, and medical relief. In considering the 

 standard of living, the author has roughly divided the popu- 

 lation into four classes, viz., the agricultural classes, non- 

 agricultural labourers, professional and mercantile classes, and 

 artizans and small traders. He calculates that one-fifth of the 

 ryotwari land revenue is contributed by agriculturalists who 

 are primarily labourers, but who supplement wages by culti- 

 vating small holdings ; about one-third is contributed by 

 peasant proprietors, who,- for the most part, till their own 

 land ; one-third by farmers who employ hired labour ; and 

 the remainder by the class who can afford to let their lands 

 and generally do so. With a holding of 8 acres of ordinary 

 dry land it is calculated that a ryot should be able to support 

 •his family, not indeed in luxury, but according to the stand- 

 ard of living which obtains among the rj'^ot population. 

 The. average money value of the food of an adult labourer is 

 estimated at Rs. 20 per annum and the remfineration of a 

 permanent farm servant at twice the cost of his feeding and 

 clothing expenses. So far as the non-agricultural class of 

 labourers is conceimed, it admits of no question that their 

 condition has greatly improved. With the development of 

 trade the members of the mercanxile and" professional classes 

 have largely increased and these are in a prosperous -condition. 

 The wages of artizans, in spite of the decline of some native 

 handicrafts, have greatly risfn, and the demand for luxuries, 

 which are provided by the skill of the brass-smiths, goldsmiths, 

 carpenters and masons, is increasing directly with the wealth 

 of the country. In considering the standard of living, the 

 author quotes the opinions of a number of gentlemen who have 

 had exceptional opportunities of observation and concludes 

 that there is ample evidence that the standard has risen. 

 Tiled and terraced houses are rapidly taking the place of 

 thatched roofs ; metal utensils are largely superseding earthen 

 vessels even among the lower classes ; better and more 

 clothes are worn, and considerable sums are now spent upon 

 the education of their children by persons of small means; 

 and althou'i'h it is true that every one feejs that his means 

 are inadequate to satisfy his wants, it is not that his wealth 

 has not increased, but that his wants have increased more 



