50 AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. 



I and 2 are hulled rice ; 3 is maize, small yellow grains ; 4, Pani- 

 cum italiann ; 5, Sorghum saccharatum ; 6, Ph. radiatus, much 

 cultivated, of the bean order ; 7, Canavallia incurva, forms vines, 

 little cultivated, husks about 20 cm. long, 6 to 8 reddish seeds, each 

 weighing about 2*5 gr. 



2. Wheat, Ko-mugi {Triticum vulgare, L.) Mugi is a collective 

 name for wheat and barley, which are distinguished, from the 

 size of their respective grains, as little (ko) and big (o) mugi. I 

 have only met with this one kind of wheat in Japan (finding 

 neither spelt, English wheat, nor any other).^ And it has always 

 been as a winter crop that 1 have found it, — generally bearded, 

 though sometimes, too, without beard, both forms frequently 

 being mixed in the same field. Sowing, as a rule, takes place 

 in November, the development of blossoms and ears in May, and 

 harvest in June. In northern parts, however, and in high-lying 

 neighbourhoods, like Shinano, harvest does not begin till towards 

 the end of July or the beginning of August. 



It has been remarked in a former passage, and Maron noted it 

 also, that wheat does not play a prominent part in Japan, and 

 gives an impression of having degenerated, probably in conse- 

 quence of insufficient seed-interchange. Its flour is mostly made 

 into small cakes (Mochi), with a diameter of scarcely 5 or 6 cm. 

 and eaten, like those made from glutinous rice (Mochi-gome), either 

 by themselves, or in the form of dough, strewn with black bean- 

 meal and brown sugar. 



3. Barley, 0-mugi {Hordeum vulgare.'L.). The four-lined sub- 

 species, H. tetrastichum, and the six-lined, H. hexastichum, L., a 

 short-awned variety, are both cultivated, though as winter crops 

 only. Sowing takes place mostly in October or November, bloom in 

 early May, and harvest in July. Like buckwheat and the different 

 kinds of millet, its grain is used chiefly in porridge, though as 

 horse-feed and chicken-feed also. Two-lined barley, which Maron 

 mentions also, I have never found, nor do I find it copied in any 

 Japanese book. On the other hand, naked barley, Japanese Ha- 

 daka-mugi {Hordeum vnlgare, /3, nudum s. cceleste, L.), occurs fre- 

 quently ; it is easily distinguished^ from the common four-lined 

 form by the mere outward appearance of its ears. Kinch mis- 

 takenly designates Hadaka-mugi as rye {Secale cereale, L.). It has 

 also been confounded with spelt, eg., by Scherzer), an error that is 

 hardly possible in the field, though perhaps easy enough when the 

 grains alone are compared, they having more resemblance to hulled 

 spelt than to rye. Japan possesses neither rye nor oats, as has 

 been already stated. Kaempfer, certainly, brings in Avena sativa, 

 L., under the name of Karasu-mugi (raven barley.?), "Amoen. 

 exot.," 834 ff., as also Thunberg after him. " Flora jap.," p. 34. 

 But ic is found neither in Siebold nor in Kinch, and I do not know 

 any Japanese representation of it. 



^ Thunberg, Siebold, and Kinch also mention only Triticum vulgare, L. 



