AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES. 89 



fruit, is a great ornament to the landscape. This beauty it pre- 

 serves till it loses its leaves in October.^ 



The summer of Germany is not long enough or warm enough for 

 Diospyros Kaki ; its winter, as a rule, too cold. The tree and its 

 fruit, however, do well about the lakes of Northern Italy — at Intra, 

 for example, and on the Riviera, and in the sub-tropical parts 

 of the Iberian peninsula. In Southern California, too, at Santa 

 Barbara, for instance, it has been raised successfully. 



17. Diospyros Lotus^ L. {D. I'Caki^ Thunb. van /3., D. japonica^ S. 

 and Z.), Jap. Shinano-gaki, that is, Kaki of the province of Shinano, 

 is frequently regarded as a wild form of the foregoing species. Its 

 small and indifferent-tasting fruit does not get ripe before late 

 autumn, after the tree has cast its leaves. It resembles wild apples 

 and wild pears. 



The representatives of the Aitrantiacece come next to date-plums 

 in importance as berries, although their cultivation is limited to 

 the warmer parts of Japan, and their use is by no means as general 

 and multifarious. 



First of all comes — 



18. Citrus nobilis, Lour., Jap. Mikan, the mandarin orange. Its 

 home appears to be China and Cochin China. As late as the 

 beginning of this century, it was a novel feature in gardens in the 

 countries along the Mediterranean. It is as easily distinguishable 

 by the smallness of its growth (being a bush, rather than a tree) as 

 by its well-known fruit. It has been grown in Japan for many 

 hundreds of years. The northern boundary of its successful culture 

 in Hondo is near Atami, and next to it in the Peninsula of Yamato. 

 The mountains here, with spurs running southward, shelter the 

 valleys from rude winds, and the influence of warm southern 

 currents is felt. Mikan, therefore, is produced chiefly in the valleys 

 of Ise and Kishiu, especially in the district of Arita (Arita-gori) 

 north-east of Wakayama. The blossoming time here is the end of 

 May and the early part of June. (In Malaga I have seen bushes 

 in full bloom as early as April 7.) This region supplies the demand 

 of the three Fu, or capital cities, particularly of Tokio. Man- 

 darin oranges come to Tokio for sale in large quantities all 

 through winter, and are cheap. They grow in many places in 

 Southern Japan ; but I never saw any large orchards. 



19. Citrus auraittium, L. 



(a) C. a. Bigaradia, Brandis and Hooker {C. vulgaris, Risso), 

 Jap. Daidai, the bitter orange, called Seville orange by the 

 English. 



(/3) C a. sinense, Galisco {C. aurantium, Risso), Jap. Kunembo, the 

 orange, thick-skinned and not highly prized. 



^ In the spring of 1884 I was strikingly reminded of its appearance when leaf- 

 less by seeing some orange-trees near Cordoba, which had lost their leaves in 

 consequence of an unusual degree of cold at the beginning of the preceding 

 winter, but were still laden with frozen fruit. 



