AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES. 243 



their walls show very distinctly even when cut lengthwise. This 

 reveals also the parallel and straight-fibred character of the ordinary 

 wood. The illustration of the Japanese tobacco pipe-case on page 

 133 gives a good idea of the structure of keaki wood. It serves 

 the Japanese for many purposes; in ship and house building, in 

 furniture making, turnery ware, and for manufacturing many small 

 articles. It takes different names according to its colouring, the 

 highest estimate being placed on Tama-moku, or speckled wood, 

 also called Tama-no-keaki. 



In all the qualities which have been mentioned, it excels the 

 other Ulmaceae. On the other hand its branches are so fine and 

 its foliage, like the Celtis, is so light, that it cannot be used like 

 the elm as an ornamental or shade-giving tree. Its draft upon the 

 soil is about the same as with its kindred. It is found in its best 

 condition on light clay soil, in which it can spread and develop 

 its roots symmetrically. It belongs to the lower region of the 

 mountain deciduous forests, and in Hondo seldom grows beyond 

 an elevation of 800 to 1,000 m. It is not widely distributed or 

 frequent, and only attains on the plains, in temple groves and 

 along the roads, those large dimensions which distinguish it be- 

 yond all other deciduous trees, except the camphor-laurel. 



57. Celtis sinensis, Pers. {C. orientalis, Thunb.), Jap. Ye- (pro- 

 nounced A)-no-ki. In its appearance this tree is like Keyaki, but 

 does not reach such a growth, and has a light, greyish white, 

 spongy wood, of little worth. The tree is seldom found in the 

 forest, but is cultivated on the banks of streams and in villages. 



58. Hoinoie celtis aspera, Bl. {AphanantJie aspera, Planch.), Jap. 

 Muku, Muku-no-ki. The wood is darker, denser and better than 

 that of the foregoing variety, but still is not very valuable. The 

 tree loves a warm climate, but does not grow very large, often re- 

 maining only a bush. (For the uses of its inside bark, see Paper 

 Industry.) 



59. Ulnius campestris, Sm., Jap. Haru-nire, Kobu-nire, Ya-gire, 

 The nature of this tree, so widely distributed in Europe, is well 

 known. I have a wood specimen from the last Paris Exhibition, 

 by the name Damo, its source, Shimotsuke-no-kuni, Hoso-Omura, 

 in the province of Shimotsuke, which evidently belongs to this 

 variety. It has greyish white sap-wood and reddish grained 

 wood, and may be identical with the ** Aka-tamo," i.e. red Tamo, 

 named by Dupont in his book, p. 50, and which is often mentioned 

 by others as wood of the island of Yezo. The Tanichi-tamo of 

 this island appears to be Ulmus montana, Sm., the Ohio-no-ki, 

 already spoken of. 



60. U. parvifolia, Jacq. {Microptelia parvifolia, Spach.), Jap. Aki- 

 nire, Nire, and Yu. This wood has finer pores and is denser than 

 that of the others. The tree comes far short, however, of reaching 

 their height. 



