286 AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES. 



generally bare in winter, and their commonest material is the 

 white-thorn. In Mediterranean countries, on the other hand, 

 many evergreen bushes are used, as here and there the myrtle, 

 laurel, Viburnum Tinus, Durantha Plumieri, Ligustrum japonica 

 especially, and with even greater preference, Euonymus japonicus, 

 the Japanese Masa-ki. In fact these Euonymus hedges excel all 

 others in beauty because of their uniformity and closeness, as 

 well as the abundance of their magnificent green leaves. Those 

 hedges, which enclose all the roads in Las Delicias at Seville, the 

 public parks of the Corso, and the left bank of the Guadalquivir, 

 especially are surpassingly beautiful. They are kept well trimmed 

 there as almost everywhere, and are about one meter high and 

 broad. This plant is used also in preference for bordering, where 

 we generally use the box. Of course these borders are kept low 

 and narrow, and prettily cut. In other places on the Iberian 

 peninsula also, e.g., Madrid and Lisbon, such hedges are very 

 common. 



The hedges made of the Ligitstnun japoniciun, Thunb., the Ned- 

 zumi-mochi of the Japanese — for example, those at the railway 

 stations at Seville and Huelva, and also some in Southern France 

 and Northern Italy — resemble in colour our common Liguster 

 hedges, which, it is well known, retain their leaves longer than 

 any other of our deciduous shrubs. The young leaves are at 

 first reddish brown, and even later are not so bright and fine a 

 green as those of the Euonymus. Their colour and shape is most 

 like those of the nearly-related Syringa. But the most important 

 use of both these evergreen bushes is not as close and well-trained 

 hedges, but as ornamental plants for gardens and public parks. 

 We find them in the quadrangular courtyard of the Andalusian 

 hotels and dwellings, in the open squares of almost all Southern 

 European cities, and in every public park. And in such conditions 

 the Japanese Liguster very often passes from a bush to a tree, with 

 a trunk 8-10 m. in height, and of 80-100 cm. circumference. I saw 

 some such at San Jose near Malaga, in Lisbon also, and on the Plaza 

 Mayor near the royal castle at Madrid. In Italy, where the plant 

 is also very widely distributed, its dimensions are much smaller. 

 Eiionynms japonicus is less sensitive to cold, and thrives in South- 

 ern France and in the parks of Paris. One finds there not only 

 the simple original variety, but the many variegated varieties also, 

 in particular E. Jap. sulferea. 



I take this opportunity of mentioning several other evergreen 

 Japanese ornamental bushes which are often found in company 

 with the foregoing, and have also found a wide distribution in 

 Southern Europe. These are Photinia serrulata, Lindl. {Cratcegiis 

 glabra, Thunb,), Jap. Aka-megashi, Pittosporum Tobira, Ait., Jap. 

 Tobira, and Olea fragrans, Thunb., Jap. Moku-sei and T6-sei. 

 Fortune says of the Photinia that it is " a noble, ornamental ever- 

 green," and is much cultivated in gardens and near the temples of 



