354 ART INDUSTRY AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS 



shitsu, a mixture of 2 and 3 ; 5. Beni-gara, red oxide of iron ; 6. 

 Beni, carthamin ; 7. Shio, gamboge ; 8. Tonotsuchi, white lead ; 9. 

 Sumi, charcoal, particularly a. Matsu-no-sumi-no-ko, i.e. pulverized 

 pine charcoal ; b. H6-no-ki-sumi, magnolia charcoal ; c. Tsubaki-no- 

 sumi, camelia charcoal ; d. R6-iro-dzumi, charcoal of Lagerstromia 

 indica ; 10. Aogai, mother of pearl of Haliotis and large species of 

 Trochus; 11. several sorts of yellow and green gold dust (Yaki- 

 gane and Koban) ; 12. Gin-pun, silver dust; 13. Kin-baku, genuine 

 gold foil ; 14. Gin-baku, silver foil ; 15. Shari-kaganai, tin foil ; 16. 

 Shari-nashi-ji, tin dust. 



There are used in groundwork : I. Nuno, hemp canvas ; 2. 

 Kokuso, hemp bast or cotton wadding cut into small pieces ; 3. 

 Kami, bark paper ; 4. Shono, camphor ; 5. Nikawa, animal glue ; 



6. Shibu, the astringent juice of unripe persimons {Diospyros 

 Kaki) ; 7. Hai-dzumi, lamp black ; 8. Ji-no-ko, finely pulverized 

 brick dust; 9. To-no-ko, iron ochre powder; 10. To-ishi, whet- 

 stones of several kinds for grinding; 11. H6-no-sumi, and other 

 above-named charcoals for the same purpose; 12. Tsuno-ko, 

 pulverized burnt hartshorn for polishing after lacquering; 13. 

 Tane-abura, for the same purpose, and for cleaning the pencils 

 and brushes ; 14. Nori, paste. 



The utensils for lacquering are simple and in general well 

 adapted to the work. Illustrations of those most used may be seen 

 in Plates III. and IV. The originals are in the Royal Industrial 

 Art Museum in Berlin. The following are used in groundwork : i. 

 Hocho, a straight, sharp kitchen knife (Plate III. i); 2. Ko-gatana, 

 a straight, stiff, but smaller pocket-knife carried in a case ; 3. 

 Ye-guri, a hollow chisel or gouge (III. 2) ; 4. Hasami, a pair 

 of shears resembling our wool-shears (III. 3) ; 5. Hera, a wooden 

 spatula (III. 4, 5) ; 6. Take-bera, a pointed bamboo spatula (III. 6); 



7. Hake, a flat brush of human hair (III. 7) ; 8. Unoke-hake, 

 a flat brush of rabbit's hair (IV. 3) ; 9. Abu, a rack for drying 

 the brushes ; 10. Jo-ban, a little wooden box to hold the tools, on 

 whose projecting cover the different groundworks are prepared, the 

 brushes cleaned and the spatulas sharpened. These two instru- 

 ments are the most important. The spatulas are made out of Hi- 

 no-ki [Retinispora obtiisa) or some kindred variety of pine. They 

 h|fKe a pointed, rounded-off handle, and an elastic, flexible plate, 

 thinner and wider in front, growing broader to the end, which is 

 from I to 3 fingers broad, and cut off diagonally. The flat brushes 

 also, or Hake, are of different breadth according to the purpose 

 which they serve. A strand of long, black human hair, glued 

 tightly together, is laid along the length of and between two thin 

 wooden plates, which are glued together and bound on the long 

 sides by bands, the hair projecting from i to 2 millimeters. When 

 the hair has been used till it is worn away, the wood is sharpened 

 off" like a lead pencil, and the hair carefully and evenly trimmed 

 off". The colours and other materials that are to be used in 



