PAPER INDUSTRY. 



393 



hat of the Samurai was made of black lacquered paper, the water- 

 proof cloak of his servant and companion of oiled paper, and the 

 hair ornament substituted by poor girls for the silk kanoko, was 

 a paper made to look like crape.^ 



Raw Materials for Japanese Paper Making. 



For hand-made or tub paper are used : (i) the inner bark of 

 Brotissonetia papyrifera ; (2) of Edgeworthia papyrifera ; (3) of 

 Wickstroemia canescens ; (4) of Morns alba; (5) of Aphananthe 

 aspera ; (6) exceptionally of Cannabis sativa, Boehmeria platani- 

 foiia, Wistaria chinensis and several other plants, also cotton ; (7) 

 straw ; (8) old paper. As cement was used : (i) the mucilaginous 

 root of Hibiscus MaiiiJwt ; (2) the bast mucilage of Hydrangea 

 paniculata ; (3) oi Katsura japonica ; (4) Rice paste.^ 



I. Brousso7ietia papyrifera, Vent. {Morus papyrifera, L.) Family 

 Moreae, the paper mulberry tree, Jap. Kodzo (also K6zo-no-ki, 

 Kozo, Kago, Kaji, Kaji-no-ki, according to the district). This 

 most important plant in the paper industry, since the strongest 

 and greatest amount of paper is made from its bark,^ comes from 

 China,* but has been cultivated for a long time in all the provinces 

 of Japan south of the Tsugaru Straits, except on the fertile plains. 

 It is found in mountain valleys, along the roads, on the narrow 

 ridges which separate the terraced rice-fields from each other, on 

 river dams, where its bushes, as willows with us, help to make them 

 firm, it is also cultivated in dry fields, not seldom alternating in 

 rows with the white mulberry or tea bush. In lyo, on the island 

 of Shikoku, where the paper mulberry, just as in the neighbouring 

 province of Tosa, is raised frequently on the hill sides, it appears 

 as an undergrowth between the rows of sumachs. Only rarely 

 does one find a piece of good arable land exclusively devoted to a 

 plantation of Broussonetia bushes. I speak here of bushes, and 



' Kublai Khan had paper money made in Peking about, 1260 A.D., the time 

 when paper was first known in Europe. 



2 In the paper industry of Europe, the use of vegetable pasting materials has 

 been more and more adopted during the last fifteen years, superseding the 

 animal glue. In Eastern Asia and India it is as old as the industry itself 



2 Although this great importance of the paper mulberry in the paper industry 

 of Japan has been thoroughly emphasized by Kaempfer and Thunberg, we find 

 in the otherwise very readable official report of the Vienna Exhibition (Group 

 XL), the opinion of the engineer and paper manufacturer, E. Twerdy, that the 

 fibre of the China grass {Urtica iiivea) is most likely chiefly used in the manu- 

 facture of Japanese bark paper. 



■* It is well known that this plant is extensively found in Polynesia also. Its 

 bark furnishes still the clothing material of the people in the Fiji Islands, 

 Samoa, Tonga, Tahiti, Hawaii, etc., viz. the Tapa, which can only be worn in dry 

 weather. " The measured noise of the Tapa clapper is as characteristic and as 

 tuneful in the Fiji villages, as the noise of the threshing in ours in the autumn." — 

 M. Buchner, " Reise durch den Stillen Ocean," 187S. 



