428 ART INDUSTRY AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS. 



metals are called casting, embossing, beating, turning, chasing, 

 engraving, inlaying, damascening, encrusting, plating, enamelling, 

 and colouring. 



Casting, Jap. Iru. (I-mono, the casting). Plate XV. shows in b 

 the lower cross-section of the common, small, smelting furnace ; in 

 a that of the box bellows. The air of the latter is forced in six 

 places into the fire-box in which charcoal is brought to a glowing 

 heat. These places surround the smelting furnace, which is made 

 of fire clay. Figure e shows the cross-section of the clay mould of 

 vase with its interior, which has been beforehand turned on the 

 patterns c and d. Such moulds are, of course, duly prepared 

 before each casting. The results in iron, and especially in bronze 

 casting are astonishing when one considers these simple arrange- 

 ments. At the Vienna Exhibition was seen for instance, a group 

 of flying birds, which appeared separate from each other, and still 

 were formed at one casting. 



Embossing, Jap. Uchi-dashi or Uchi-age. The decoration of 

 bronze in relief is accomplished either in the casting of the subject, 

 or by turning and chiselling, or finally by embossing, French 

 Repousse-work. The last consists in forcing the metal from the 

 inside outward, generally with the aid of the punch. Embossed 

 work can, of course, be executed only in sheet metal. In Japan it 

 is made principally in Hiroshima and the three capital cities, but 

 is far less important than other modes of decoration. 



Beating, Jap. Tataku or Utsu is the name given to the hammer- 

 ing of cold metal into sheet form on the anvil. The skilfulness is 

 shown in the finished products (for example, a silver or copper 

 vessel), chiefly in the even distribution and conformity of the marks 

 of the hammer or Tsutchi-me (hammer eyes). The well-known 

 silversmith, Tiffany of New York, furnishes beautiful beaten work 

 of this kind which excels even the finest of Ki6to. 



Turned work or the Rokuro-saiku is generally done on the 

 turning lathe in cast bronze. It has become more and more the 

 custom in modern times to produce the decorations in relief, not in 

 the casting, but by sculpture (Horu). The article, a vase for in- 

 stance, is cast smooth but with very thick walls. The bronze 

 sculptor, or Hori-mono-shi, draws the ornamentations which are 

 to protrude above the ground, and next cuts away to the required 

 depth the superfluous metal around the outlines by means of 

 chiselling and turning. He then applies himself to the projecting 

 parts, and forms them just as the sculptor or the wood-carver forms 

 his rough block. What he loses by this in time he spares himself 

 in the preparation and simplifying of the casting. 



Chasing, Jap. Horu and Hori-age, is the name given to the 

 afterwork with the chisel, burin, and file applied to the relief ob- 

 tained by casting, embossing or sculpturing. By chasing, the seams 

 of the casting and other accidental unevennesses are removed. 

 Folds, furrows and angles are developed, or better brought out 



