454 ART INDUSTRY AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS. 



this large division. In most of the subdivisions, clays (Tsuchi) are 

 used. In consequence of mineral impurities, these burn to a grey, 

 yellow, red, brown, or black, so that the colour of the fracture 

 contrasts sharply with that of the glazing. The less careful pre- 

 paration of the clay mass, by means of selection and pulverizing, 

 corresponds to the smaller value of such wares. This group em- 

 braces : 



{a) Unglazed earthenware, Japanese Kawarake, brick or Renga- 

 seki, and tiles, Kawara. The simplest and cheapest clay-wares of 

 Japan are made of brick-red burned Kawarake ; they consist 

 of dishes for baking beans, of small flat plates on which rice and 

 other food is offered to the Shinto gods, and of vessels for pre- 

 paring certain medicines. Most of the tiles, at least those burned 

 in a suburb of Tokio, have a blackish grey colour. 



{b) Terra-cotta and other antique dishes, having a thin glazing 

 which is produced by incipient smelting on the surface. These 

 products of the Greeks and Romans are distinguished from those 

 of other nations by the careful pulverizing and preparation of the 

 raw material, and by their fine forms and decorations. The largest 

 earthen vessels of Mediterranean countries must be reckoned under 

 this head ; for example, the urn-shaped Tinajas of the Spaniards, 

 which are used for keeping olive oil, and often hold one hundred 

 Arobas of 25 liters each. In the Crimea and in Asia Minor, 

 similar urns are used for wine, and in Japan the Tsubo formed in 

 the same way are used as receptacles for closets. According to 

 Thunberg, Swota on the bay of Shimabara furnishes very large 

 urns, that are used instead of casks for the reception of fsecal 

 matter. 



if) Common pottery with lead or salt glazing. A large part of 

 the earthen dishes of Japan belong, like our own, to this class. 

 The so-called Toyosuke-yaki of Nagoya also, which is beautifully 

 ornamented with lacquer painting, is made of this kind of earthen- 

 ware. 



{d) Common enamelled Faience and Majolica. This has a 

 porous earthy fracture, of different colours from that of the opaque 

 glazing or the thick coating of tin enamel, which forms a sharply 

 defined white crust. Many of the common table dishes, having 

 the appearance of porcelain, but opaque, the Delft ware with its 

 blue cobalt decorations, so celebrated in the 17th century, and the 

 enamelled Faience of the Middle Ages, and Majolica belong to this 

 class. Japan can point to but few wares which may be catalogued 

 here. The grey, brown, and green plates and vases, with raised 

 enamel decorations, manufactured in the province of Ise, and 

 often designated with stone-ware as Banko-yaki, must be classed 

 as Majolica wares. 



{e) Delft-ware, half porcelain or fine Faience, was for a long time 

 called Henry II. It ranks between hard burned porcelain and 

 porous, soft earthenware. Delft-ware is made of pure, carefully 



